| What and when is centration? | Focusing on one feature of a situation and ignoring other relevant features in the preoperational stage |
| What is adaption? | The process of adding to and changing schemas to make sense of the world |
| What is assimilation? | Adding information into the same schema |
| What is accommodation? | Changing or creating a new schema |
| What is equilibrium? | When a child's schema can explain all that they experience |
| What is the sensorimotor stage? | Birth - 2 years
The environment is experienced through the 5 senses |
| What is the preoperational stage? | 2-6 years
Illogical thinking
Language development |
| What is the concrete operations stage? | 7 - 12 years
Logical but practical
Linear thinking |
| What is the formal operations stage? | 12 years and on
Logic with multiple possibilities
Abstract thinking |
| What and when is object permanence? | The sensorimotor stage
Knowing that objects exist even when you cannon see them |
| What and when is egocentrism? | The preoperational stage
Only being able to see the word through your own eyes not through someone else's |
| What and when is conservation? | The ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape or apparent size. Happens in the concrete operational stage |
| What and when is hypothetico-deductive reasoning? | Being able to manipulate hypothetical ideas and consider what could happen. Happens in the formal operational stage. |
| Aim of the Piaget and Inhelder study and when (year)? | To investigate at what age children are able to take the view of another person. Also to study children's overall system of putting together a number of different views that they see.
1956 |
| How many participants and what age? | 100 children from the age of 4 - 12 |
| Describe the mountain model. | 3D model built with paper and car.
The lowest mountain was green with a house on top
The middle mountain was brown with a red cross
The tallest grey with snow on the top. |
| Describe the 10 pictures. | 10 pictures taken of the model from different positions.
Children asked to pick out the one their own viewpoint and one that represents the doll's viewpoint. |
| Describe the 3 cards. | 3 cards to match the colour of the mountains.
Children asked to arrange the cards to represent the mountain scene from different viewpoints. |
| Results of children age from 4 - 6.5 (piaget) | They couldn't place the doll in a position to match that was shown in a picture. |
| Results of children age 7 - 9 (Piaget) | Showed more understanding of different viewpoints and able to pick pictures and represents the doll's viewpoint. |
| Conclusion about children age 7 | They are egocentric, they couldn't see from another viewpoint that was different from themselves. |
| Conclusion about older children | They were non-egocentric, they were able to compare their own viewpoint to the viewpoint of others. |
| Conclusion about Piaget's theory | This supports Piaget's stages of development, show the key to cognitive difference between pre-operational and concrete operational stages which is egocentrism |
| one weakness | Sample was unrepresentative, only 100 children and only selected ages.
Sample wasn't enough and they were from the same culture so it was culturally biased. |
| another weakness | The setting and task were artificial, so hard to apply to real life situation. They were in a room with an observer |
| One strength | Standardised procedure. The same tests, photos, observes ad instructions. Making it easier to replicate. |
| Another strength | An experiment method, high levels of control. It can be manipulated. The experiment would be the same for everyone. |
| An improvement for generalisability | A higher sample of people that come from different backgrounds (different countries) |
| An improvement of ecological validity | Instead of artificial environment, take them outside to actual mountains. |
| Pierre Dasen evaluating theory. | In Geneva, found that between 10 to 13 not 5-7 as Piaget said. Challenges his theory with conservation it happens later than they said in the stages. |
| Helen broke evaluating theory | Test egocentrism, used grover from 'Sesame street' to make them understand his point of view. The model could also rotate.
79% of 4 year olds selected the right view 93% of the time. Challenges the theory because younger children could identify the results. |
