| All of the following are functions of lactic acid in sweat except? | Produce a scent that influences behavior |
| All of the following are signs of a first degree burn except? | Blisters |
| All of the following describe the nail plate except? | Nail root |
| All of the following statements describe the dermis except? | The dermis is the skin's most superficial layer |
| How can we determine the extent of a burn in relation to the body's surface area? | The rule of nines |
| How do vitamins A and C contribute to healthy skin? | Help with collagen production |
| How does the process of sweating help the body regulate temperature? | Sweat produced on the skin will evaporate and cool the body if body temperature is too high |
| The arrangement of what feature in the dermis creates unique fingerprints? | Papillae |
| What are the two ways in which wounds heal? | Regeneration and fibrosis |
| What factors affect hair texture? | The shaft's cross-sectional shape |
| What is the function of collagen fibers in the skin? | Strength |
| What is the function of dendritic cells in the skin? | To protect the skin from pathogens |
| What is the purpose of cornification? | To form a durable, waterproof layer on the surface of the skin |
| What type of burn is also referred to as a partial thickness burn? | Second-degree burn |
| Which type of hair is very fine, unpigmented, and forms on the developing fetus? | Lanugo |
| What type of infection causes warts? | Virus |
| What type of skin cancer starts in the melanocytes? | Malignant melanoma |
| Which of the following answer choices correctly lists the ABCDEs of skin cancer? | Asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving |
| Which of the following CFs means nail? | onych/o |
| Which of the following is a sign of a third degree burn? | Charring |
| Which of the following statements is not a description of how the skin protects the body? | All of these are descriptions of how the skin protects the body |
| Which statement incorrectly describes a change in skin as it ages? | Blood vessels are quicker to respond to temperature regulation |
| Which type of skin cancer is the most common? | Basal cell carcinoma |
| Wounds that heal by fibrosis result in what? | The wound is healed with scar tissue and normal function is not restored. |
| Wounds that heal by regeneration result in what? | The wound is healed with the same tissue that was damaged and normal function is restored. |
| All of the following cells in the blood have DNA except? | Erythrocytes |
| Hemoglobin transports all of the following except? | Hydroxyl ions |
| How is blood type determined? | By the antigens on the blood cell's surface |
| How long do RBCs typically survive? | 110-120 days |
| If Amy has type AB blood, what blood type can she receive? | All the answers are correct |
| If a pregnant woman has Rh-, which of the following statements is true about her blood? | All of the statements are true |
| If you spin a tube of blood in a centrifuge, what is the bottom layer of blood composed of? | Red blood cells |
| If you spin a tube of blood in a centrifuge, which component of the blood is the heaviest? | Red blood cells |
| If you spin a tube of blood in a centrifuge, which component of the blood is the most abundant? | Plasma |
| What blood test gives a percentage of each leukocyte of the total number of leukocytes in blood? | White blood cell differential |
| What blood test measures the percentage of erythrocytes to whole blood? | Hematocrit |
| Which disorder is characterized by an alternate form of hemoglobin that changes the shape of the red blood cell? | Sickle cell |
| What factor causes the production of red blood cells | Erythropoietin |
| What happens to the heme when hemoglobin is broken down by the liver and spleen? | It is broken down to iron and bilirubin |
| What happens when two non-compatible blood types are mixed together? | Agglutination |
| What is a thrombus? | A stationary, unnecessary clot |
| What is an embolus? | A moving, unnecessary clot |
| What is hemopoiesis? | The production of blood cells |
| What is serum? | Plasma with clotting factors removed |
| What makes hemoglobin a buffer? | Hemoglobin binds H+ ions |
| What produces thrombopoietin? | Kidney |
| What term describes the antibodies found in plasma? | Globulin |
| What type of anemia can be caused by the destruction of red blood cells? | Hemolytic anemia |
| What type of anemia can be caused by the lack of intrinsic factor from the stomach that allows vitamin B12 to be absorbed? | Pernicious anemia |
| Where does leukopoiesis occur? | Red bone marrow |
| What blood type is considered a universal donor because it can be given to anyone? | O |
| Which disorder describes a condition of too many blood cells? | Polycythemia |
| Which disorder is an inherited disorder characterized by the inability to make one or more clotting factors? | Hemophilia |
| Which disorder is not considered a cancer of the blood? | Thrombocytopenia |
| Which disorder results from insufficient RBCs or hemoglobin to carry enough oxygen to maintain homeostasis? | Anemia |
| Which nutrient important to the blood allows for the hemoglobin in RBCs to carry oxygen? | Iron |
| Which of the following CFs means blood? | Hemat/o |
| Which of the following CFs means eat or swallow? | Phag/o |
| Which of the following CFs means primitive? | blast/o |
| Which of the following leukocytes become macrophages and phagocytize dead and dying tissue, microorganisms, and any other foreign matter or debris? | Monocytes |
| Which of the following leukocytes is the most abundant in circulating blood? | Neutrophils |
| Which of the following leukocytes releases histamine to promote inflammation and heparin as an anticoagulant? | Basophils |
| Which of the following would not be considered a formed element of blood? | Plasma |
| Which organs function to remove old, worn out red blood cells? | Liver and spleen |
| Which term describes the prompt constriction of a broken vessel? | Vascular spasm |
| Endocrine cells in the duodenum secrete what hormone? | Secretin |
| Hydrochloric acid in the stomach has what pH? | 0.8 |
| What chemical in saliva partially breaks down carbs during the process of mastication? | Amylase |
| What digestive disorder is characterized by chronic gastric reflux? | GERD |
| What does the CF peps/o mean? | Digestion |
| What helps complete lipid digestion by emulsifying fats? | Bile |
| What hormone tells the gallbladder to contract and release its bile through the cystic duct to the common bile duct? | Cholecystokinin |
| Which hormone tells the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions to neutralize the acidic chyme? | Secretin |
| What is chyme? | All of the answers are correct |
| What is the CF for vomit? | Emet/o |
| What is the function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach? | All of the answers are correct |
| What is the function of intrinsic factor? | Allows vitamin B12 to be absorbed |
| What is the function of pepsin in the stomach? | Partially breaks down proteins |
| What is the pH in saliva? | 6.8 to 7.0 |
| What is the term used for swallowing? | Deglutination |
| What is the term used for the process of chewing? | Mastication |
| What is the term used for wavelike contractions that move the bolus along the length of the esophagus? | Peristalsis |
| What structure in the oral cavity directs materials downward to the pharynx? | Uvula |
| Where are the submandibular salivary glands? | Inferior to the angle of the mandible on each side |
| Where does the blood from the capillaries of the stomach and intestine go next? | Liver |
| Which answer choice below is considered the afferent sensory neuron in the reflex arc for defecation? | Stretch receptors in the rectal wall |
| Which answer choice refers to the intake of food into the digestive system? | Ingestion |
| Which answer choice lists the parts of the small intestine in the correct order? | Duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| Which cells produce gastrin? | Endocrine cells |
| Which cells produce hydrochloric acid? | Parietal cells |
| Which cells produce intrinsic factor? | Parietal cells |
| Which cells secrete highly alkaline mucus to protect the stomach walls from the hostile environment caused by the acid and digestive enzymes produced in the stomach? | Mucous cells |
| Which cells secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase in the stomach? | Chief cells |
| Which CF means gums? | gingiv/o |
| Which cranial nerve is not required for deglutition? | Cranial nerve XI |
| Which digestive parasite crawls out of the anus to lay eggs, which causes an itching sensation? | Pinworms |
| Which disorder occurs when the contents in the abdomen protrude through a weak portion in the abdominal wall? | Abdominal hernia |
| Which ligament of the liver is a remnant or leftover piece of the umbilical vein? | Round ligament |
| Which ligament of the liver is a sheet of mesentery that suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall? | Falciform ligament |
| Which of the following CFs means colon? | Col/o |
| Which of the following CFs means liver? | Hepat/o |
| Which of the following CFs means tongue? | Gloss/o |
| Which of the following is not an effect of aging on the digestive system? | The rate of movement through the large intestine increases with age |
| Which organ has both a digestive function and an endocrine function? | Pancreas |
| What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? | Stratum corneum |
| The CF enter/o refers to: | Intestine |
| The CF gastr/o refers to the: | Stomach or abdomen |
| Which organism can cause food poisoning that results in nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting, which occurs 1-6 hours after eating the contaminated food? | Staphylococcus |
| Which part of the small intestine is lined with Peyer's Patches? | Ileum |
| Which sphincter controls the opening from the esophagus to the stomach? | Cardiac |
| Which sphincter regulates the passage of materials to the duodenum? | Pyloric |
| What structure forms the roof of the oral cavity? | Palate |
| What kind of test measures the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood? | Hematocrit |
