| - Suggestions to decrease population size in less developed countries: | - establishment or strengthening of family planning programs
- Display the onset of childbearing
-Social progress reduces desire for large families, providing education, raising status for women, reducing child mortality |
| - Factors that slow or use the populations potential reproduction are: | 1. Number of offspring per productive event
2. Amount of competition within the population
3. Age and number of reproductive opportunities
4. Presence of disease and predators |
| - what terms are often used to characterize pattern of distribution | Clumped, random, uniform |
| - Limiting factors | environmental aspects that determine where an organism lives |
| - Resources | nonliving and living components of an environment that supports living organisms. |
| NA | NA |
| Ecology | the study of home (interaction of organisms with physical environment) |
| - Habitat | the place where the organism lives |
| - Population | all organisms of the same species in the same area |
| - Community | all the populations of multiple species interacting within same location |
| - Ecosystem | communities of populations along with abiotic variables (availability of sunlight for plants) |
| - Ecologist study | the interaction and selection pressure that is caused by evolution and environmental aspects. |
| - Demography | the statistical study of a population including density, distribution, growth rate, mortality pattern, age distribution |
| - Population density | the number of individuals per unit area |
| - Population distribution | the pattern of dispersal of individuals across and given area |
| - Resources | nonliving and living components of an environment that supports living organisms. |
| - Limiting factors | environmental aspects that determine where an organism lives |
| - what terms are often used to characterize pattern of distribution | Clumped, random, uniform |
| - what is the Rate of natural increase (r,) or growth rate, determined by | the number of individuals born each year minus the number of individuals that die each year |
| - Biotic potential | the highest possible rate of natural increase for a population |
| - Factors that slow or use the populations potential reproduction are: | 1. Number of offspring per productive event
2. Amount of competition within the population
3. Age and number of reproductive opportunities
4. Presence of disease and predators |
| - A cohort | all the members of a population born at the same time |
| - age distribution | separated into three groups, pre-reproductive, reproductive, post reproductive |
| - Pyramid shaped age distribution | for under developed countries |
| - Bell shaped age distribution | for stable countries |
| - Semelparity | the members of the population have only a single reproductive event in their lifetime, moths |
| - Intero parity | members of the population experienced many reproductive and throughout their lifetime, many vertebrates |
| - Exponential growth graph | J-shaped, depicts exponential growth, includes two phases (lag phase), growth is slow because the population is small (exponential growth) growth is accelerating |
| - Logistical growth graph | has four phases (lag phase) growth is slow because the population is small, (exponential growth) growth is accelerating, (decelerating) growth is slowing down, (stable equilibrium) birth and death are equal |
| - R- selected population | density independent: smaller individuals, shorter lifespan, fast mature, many offspring’s, little or no care of offspring, many offspring, die before reproducing, early reproductive age |
| - K-selected population | density dependent:
- Large individuals, longer lifespan, slow to mature, if you enlarge of Springs, much care of all the springs, most of the young survive till reproductive age, adapted to stable environment |
| - Suggestions to decrease population size in less developed countries: | - establishment or strengthening of family planning programs
- Display the onset of childbearing
-Social progress reduces desire for large families, providing education, raising status for women, reducing child mortality |
| EI= | population size x resource consumption per capita |
| - Biogeochemical cycles | the pathways by which chemicals circulate through ecosystems involving both living and nonliving components, water cycle, carbon cycle, phosphorus cycle, nitrogen cycle. |
| - Phosphorus cycle | a sedimentary cycle, the chemical is absorbed from the soil by plant roots, passed to heterotrophs and eventually returned to the soil by decomposers |
| - Carbon and nitrogen cycles | are gaseous, meaning that the chemical returns to end is withdrawn from the atmosphere as gas |
| - The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle | evaporated water from the ocean exceed precipitation so there is a net movement of water vapor onto land, precipitation result in surface water and groundwater back to the sea, transpiration by plants contributes to evaporation |
| - The nitrogen cycle | step 1- nitrogen gas converted into nitrate
step 2- ammonium converted into nitrate by nitrifying bacteria |
