| Accreditation | A higher standard that signifies that the accrediting organization has judged that a program has met its preestablished criteria |
| Approved Program | One that satisfies the minimum standards set by the state agency responsible for overseeing educational programs |
| Articulation | Allows nursing programs to plan their curricula collaboratively; the purpose is to lessen duplication of learning experiences and support a process of progressive buildup |
| Certification | Licensure |
| Health | The area along the wellness-illness continuum that the patient occupies |
| Health Care System | Consists of a network of agencies, facilities, and providers involved with health care in a specified geographic area |
| Holistic | Care that requires that professionals from differing areas come together to provide comprehensive care |
| Holistic Health Care | A system of comprehensive or total patient care that considers the physical, emotional, social, economic, and spiritual needs of a person |
| Illness | An abnormal process in which aspects of the social, emotional, or intellectual condition and function of a person are diminished or impaired |
| Licensure | The granting of permission by the overseeing authority to engage in practice or activity that would otherwise be illegal |
| Patient | The individual who receives the care |
| Pesthouses | Hospitals that were dirty, overcrowded filled with patients |
| Portfolio | An organized account of an individual's education and professional accomplishments |
| Wellness | A dynamic state of health in which an individual progresses toward a higher level of functioning, achieving an optimal balance between internal and external environment. |
| What word can "nursing" be traced back to? | The Latin word nutrire = to nourish |
| What does nursing do when society, health care needs, and policies change? | Nursing evolves and adapts to the changes |
| Illness was an indicator of what? | One's standing with God as well as a direct outcome of divine disfavor |
| The presence of a good spirit did what? | Kept disease away |
| What did medicine men do? | Performed witchcraft and rituals to lure the bad spirits out of the body |
| Methods of the medicine men? | Masks, noises, incantations, odors, charms, spells, sacrifices, purgatives (laxatives), emetics, application of hot and cold substances, cautery, cupping, and massage |
| In the 19th century, nurses were filled with women who? | Heavily drank, engaged in prostitution, or were inmates |
| Who is Theodor Fliedner? | A German pastor in Kaiserswerth, Germany, the Lutheran Order of Deaconesses established the first school of nursing in the mid 1800s |
| At what year and age did Florence Nightingale join the Kaiserswerth program? | Joined: 1851 at age 31 |
| In 1853 what did Florence Nightingale become? | The superintendent of a charity hospital for ill governesses |
| Because of Florence Nightingale what changed at the Barrack Hospital? | The mortality rate dropped and the soldiers grew to respect her as well as look forward to her presence |
| Florence Nightingale was known as what? | "Lady with the Lamp" |
| Who is credited as the first nursing theorist? | Florence Nightingale |
| What happened in 1860? | Florence Nightingale began the reformation of nursing from occupation to profession by establishing the nursing school at Saint Thomas Hospital in London |
| Explain the "Nightingale Plan" | Complete records were kept on each student's progress
This became the model for nursing education in the 20th century |
| What did Pastor Theodore Fliedner do in 1849? | Traveled to the US with 4 highly trained nurse deaconesses and was instrumental in the establishment of the first Protestant hospital on American shores. |
| Where was the first Protestant hospital located? | Pittsburgh
Named the Pittsburgh Infirmary and is still in existence under Passavant Hospital |
| The 4 nurse deaconesses did what? | Began the first formal education of nurses in the US |
| In 1869 the American Medical Association recommended what? | That every large hospital should establish and support its own school of nursing to meet the need for patient care |
| In 1893 what was established and by who? | The American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools of Nursing was established by Isabel Hampton Robb and Lavinia Dock |
| What was the goal of Isabel Hampton Robb and Lavinia Dock? | To set educational standards for nurses |
| How many schools of nursing existed at the beginning of the 21st century in the US? | More than 400 schools |
| In what year and what states became the first to mandate licensure? | In 1903 north Carolina, New Jersey, New York, and Virginia became the first states to mandate licensure |
| Dorothea Dix | 1802-1887
Pioneer crusader for elevation of standards of care for the mentally ill
Superintendent of Female Nurses of the Union Army |
| Clara Barton | 1821-1912
Developed the American Red Cross in 1881 |
| Mary Ann Ball | 1817-1901
One of the greatest nurse heroines of the Civil War
Championed the rights and comforts of the soldiers; organized diet kitchens, laundries, ambulance service; and supervised the nursing staff |
| Linda Richards | 1841-1930
First trained nurse in America
Responsible for the development of the first nursing and hospital records
Credited with the development of our present-day documentation system |
| Isabella Hampton Robb | 1859-1910
Organized the first graded system of theory and practice in the schools of nursing
One of the founders of the American Journal of Nursing |
| Lavinia Dock | 1858-1956
Responsible, with Robb, for the organization of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools, which evolved into the National League for Nursing Education |
| Mary Eliza Mahoney | 1845-1926
Graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in 1879, becoming the first African-American professional nurse
Worked for acceptance of African Americans in the nursing profession |
| Lillian D. Wald | 1867-1940
Responsible for the development of public health nursing in the US through the founding of the Henry Street Settlement in NYC |
| Mary Adelaide Nutting | 1858-1948
A leader in nursing education
Developed curriculum concepts and guidelines for student nurses
Assisted in the development of the International Council of Nurses |
| Mary Breckenridge | 1881-1965
Pioneer in nurse-midwifery
Established the Frontier Nursing Service to deliver obstetric care to mothers in the hills of Kentucky; these nurses traveled on horseback to reach mothers |
| Who sought out nurses who certifiably demonstrated "good moral character and professional qualifications"? | The Army and Navy Nurse Corps |
| Due to the readily available supply of nurses not being able to meet the demand what was created, by who, and during which World War? | Nursing leaders moved quickly to establish the Army School of Nursing during WWI |
| The women who served as military nurses did what after WWI? | They returned to their homes and previous jobs/careers |
| During WWII why was the Cadet Nurse Corps created? | It was established to provide an abbreviated training program which was designed to meet the needs of the war effort. |
| In addition to the Cadet Nurse Corps, what also was developed and who was it offered to? | Federally subsidized programs in nursing were developed and implemented to offer to BOTH women as well as men |
| After WWII what did the nurses do? | The nurses trained by these programs remained in military service |
| Civilian vs. Military Nurses | Civilian: low pay, long hours, atrocious conditions
Military: prestige, pay, as well as opportunity for advancement |
| The aftereffects of which wars led to an increased nursing shortage? | WWI, The Great Depression, and WWII |
| As the industry became more lucrative what became the major emphases? | Growth and diversity of services |
| What types of roles have surged in the recent decades? | Advanced practice nursing roles: nurse anesthetists, nurse practitioners, and midwives |
| What was published in 1903, by who, and what was it about? | Isabel Hampton Robb and Adelaide Nutting published a position paper recommending the baccalaureate degree level as the minimum acceptable preparation for entry into the profession |
| What happened during the mid-1960s? | Hospitals began moving away from operating schools of nursing |
| What happened in 1965? | The American Nurses Association (ANA) recommended that nursing education take place in institutions of learning within the general system of education |
| What did shifting towards colleges and universities provide? | It provides the student nurse a broader educational base with an emphasis on not only skill development but also the integration of nursing theory and related general education courses |
| What did the National League for Nurses release in 2014? | They released a position paper recognizing the LPN/LVN as a valued member of the professional nursing team |
| What should the education of LPN/LVN contain? | It should contain experiences of acute and long-term settings |
| Nurses are responsible for _______ | Providing care to increasingly complex health conditions and managing complicated treatment modalities |
| 21st century demographic changes? | Life expectancy of the population is increasing, and growing numbers of older adults are seeking health care for chronic illnesses |
| In what ways is nursing responding to women's health care issues and the women's movement? | Increasingly asserting their equal rights as humans, employees, and health care professionals. Encouraged by the women's movement, they have sought greater autonomy and responsibility in providing care as well as helping women to become more aware of their own unique needs |
| What does nursing advocate for? | Nursing advocates for the rights of all individuals |
| Health care costs account for how much of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP) | 17.1% |
| What is France's percentage of GDP in health care cost? | 11.6% |
| In 2015 the rate of uninsured in the US was? | 9% |
| Which states showed higher uninsured rates? Lowest? | Highest: Several southern states
Lowest: Northeast |
| What to expect during your hospital stay | High quality hospital care/Clean and safe environment/Involvement in your care |
| What did the white pleated cap and apron of the maidservant signify? | Respectability, cleanliness, and servitude |
| Why did the "capping ceremony" lose it's significance | Movement toward a more informal uniform made the cap a dated piece of apparel. The cap interfered with the care being provided because it caught on equipment. Hair loss |
| Significance of pinning ceremonies? | Demonstrated successful program completion.
Dates back to late 1800s in England |
| Demographic changes in the 21st century? | Life expectancy of the population is increasing and growing numbers of older adults are seeking health care for chronic illnesses |
| In what ways is nursing responding to women's health care issues? | Women nurses are increasingly asserting their equal rights as humans, employees, and health care professionals. Encouraged by the women's movement, they have sought greater autonomy and responsibility in providing care as well as helping women to become more aware of their own unique needs |
| Why do critics associate Florence Nightingale with the decreasing number of men in nursing? | She recommended that "gentlewomen" replace workers who were unskilled. This language promoted the idea that nursing was more "woman's work" |
| Why are men more likely to leave the profession? | Feelings of social isolation, stereotypes about men who choose nursing, nursing instructors' inability to incorporate masculine styles of caring into the curriculum and lack of male role models in the profession |
| Where and when did the first school for training practical nurses open? | Brooklyn, NY in 1892
Under the auspices of the Young Women's Christian Association |
| At The Ballard School what course did they provide? | A course that lasted 3 months and trained students to care for invalids, children, the chronically ill, and the elderly.
Main emphasis was on home care and included cooking, nutrition, basic science, and basic nursing procedures
Graduates were referred to as attendant nurses |
| What opened in 1907 and where? | The Thompson Practical Nursing School in Battleboro, Vermont
accredited by NLN |
| In 1918 what opened in Boston? | The Household Nursing Association School of Attendant Nursing
Changed to The Shepard-Gill School of Practical Nursing |
| In the first half of the 20th century, how many practical nursing programs were there? | 36 schools |
| What did technical and vocational education emphasize? | Apprentice training |
| What percentage of LVN/LPNs are working in a hospital setting? | 25% |
| What was founded in1941? | The Association of Practical Nurse Schools |
| What type of membership did the Association of Practical Nurse School have? | Multidisciplinary: licensed practical nurses, registered nurses, physicians, hospital and nursing home administrators, students, and public figures |
| In 1992 The Association of Practical Nurse School changed their name to what? | National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service (NAPNES) |
| What was founded in 1949 and by who? | The National Federation of Licensed Practical Nurses (NFLPN)
Founded by Lillian Kuster |
| Working together, NAPNES and NFLPN did what? | They set standards for practical and vocational nursing practice, promote and protect the interests of LPN/LVNs and educate and inform the general public about practical and vocational nursing |
| What did the NLN establish? | The Department of Practical Nursing Programs and developed an accreditation service for these programs, which is now called the Council of Practical Nursing Programs |
| Why is accreditation important? | It's important for when programs seek federal funding |
| Explain the 1 plus 1 / 2 plus 2 program | An LPN/LVN may receive as much as 50% credit toward the associate degree; the associate degree prepared registered nurse may receive as much as 50% credit toward the BSN degree |
| Prior to 1860 who was nursing care provided by in the US | People who self taught and who gained what knowledge they could through experience |
| The term 'nurse' was used only in the broadest sense as__________ | "A person who takes care of the sick" |
| What act was passed in 1917? | The Smith-Hughes Act was passed to provide vocational and public education |
| What was the first state to have mandatory licensure laws? | New York |
| A state pool of test questions was adopted by the State Boards of Nursing Examiners in what year and by how many states? | 1945
25 states |
| What document was released in 1965 and what did it outline? | The American Nurses Association's First Position on Education for Nursing outlined the recommendations for the educational levels for the nurse to enter practice |
| Who is an LVN under supervision of? | A registered nurse or physician |
| When did licensing for practical and vocational nurses in the US begin and what stated first passed these laws? | 1914
Mississippi |
| By 1955 all states had passed laws that_______ | Are in agreement with the standards set by NAPNE |
| What is the major goal of the health care continuum? | To achieve optimal levels of health care for a defined population |
| Name the factors that affect the level of wellness | Age, gender, family relationships, emotional stressors, ethnic and cultural influences, and economic status |
| What is the most common model of the wellness-illness continuum? When was it developed and by who? | 1940s by Abraham Maslow |
| What was Abraham Maslow's belief? | He believed that an individual's behavior is formed by the individual's attempts to meet essential human needs |
| Maslow's essential human needs are_____ | Physiologic, safety and security, love and belongingness, and esteem and self-actualization |
| Physiologic | Nutrition, elimination, oxygenation, sexuality |
| Safety and Security | Stability, protection, security, freedom from fear and anxiety |
| Love and Belongingness | Affection, acceptance by peers and community |
| Esteem | Self-respect, self-confidence, feelings of self-worth |
| Self-Actualization | Full use of individual talents |
| What is the primary focus of health care and what did it broaden to include? | The primary focus was on care of the sick
It has broadened to include an emphasis on an awareness of the cause of disease and prevention of spread and use of health-promotion activities |
| Describe what the US Department of Public Health does? | Works to help in the identification of disease types and related risk factors
These statistics identify problem areas for researchers and health care providers who direct their efforts at developing treatment for the illness, isolating its cause, and establishing methods to decrease its spread |
| Name the 3 levels of health promotion | Primary prevention
Secondary
Tertiary |
| Primary Prevention | Seeks to avoid disease states through wellness activities and preemptive screening programs
ie: mammograms, colonoscopies, and glucose screening |
| Secondary Prevention | Recognizes the presence of disease but seeks to reduce the impact of the condition by encouraging behaviors to promote health |
| Tertiary Prevention | The management of care activities for those with serious health problems who seek to improve the quality of life and reduce further loss of function |
| Continuity of Care | Increased specialization by health care providers and health care institutions, reimbursement procedures by insurance companies cumbersome federal regulatory agencies affect the consumer and the type of care provided |
| What does the care of patients involve? | Aside from treating disease and injury, preventing disease, restoring optimal wellness through rehabilitation, caring for the chronically ill, and educating patients and families |
| Purpose of a care plan | To meet the expressed needs of the patient |
| What is diagnostic personnel? | technologist/technician |
| Technologist | Has baccalaureate degree |
| Technician | Has certificate or an associate degree |
| Explain "defensive medicine" | Being overly cautious out of fear of a claim, ordering costly tests and procedures not because they are medically necessary but to protect themselves
Basically covering your ass |
| UAP | Unlicensed Assistive Personnel |
| Cross-training | Combining the roles of differing categories of workers or expanding the responsibilities of staff members to cover multiple care units |
