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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
tasted by edges of the tongue ,. H+ions bind to K+channels, blocking them, and preventing K+from leaving the cell resulting in depolarization	Sour
tasted by anterior part of the dorsum of the tongue.NaCl in food activates epithelial Na channels (ENaC)which cause Na+influx	Salt
organic chemicals e.g. sugars, glycols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and inorganic salts of lead and beryllium. It is tasted by the tip of the tongue bind with a plasma membrane receptor that activates a G-protein called "gustatin" cause production of cAMP. This leads to phosphorylation of K+channels decreasing K+leakage	Sweet
Long-chain organic substances that contain nitrogen, and Alkaloids tasted by the back of the tongue increase intracellular messenger inositol triphosphate (IP3) which causes the release of Ca2+	Bitter
in food containing L-glutamate such as meat extracts and aging cheese. It is tasted by all parts of the tongue activate mGluR4. These receptors allowNa+influx & K+ efflux	Umami
Taste binding protein that transports the tastant and concentrates it at taste buds.Then the tastant binds to its specific receptors in the microvilli of gutstatorycells causing potential changes in the taste receptor cell and release of the chemical transmitter. produced by	Ebner's
taste From anterior 2/3 of the tongue are carried by the	chorda tympani nerve (branch of the facial nerve).
From the posterior 1/3 of the tongue are carried by the	glossopharyngeal nerve
From the pharynx, hard and soft palate and epiglottis are carried by the	vagus nerve.
First order neurons of Gustatory Pathway	from the taste buds to the gustatory nucleus (nucleus solitarius)
Second order neurons of Gustatory Pathway	From the gustatory nucleus (nucleus solitarius) to ipsilateral medial lemniscus and pass directly to the (VPMNT)
complete loss of taste	ageusia
taste hallucinations	phantogeusia
yellow-brown pigments, tubular Bowman's glands& absence of rhythmic ciliary movements	Olfactory Mucosa
Olfactory Mucosa innervated by	Olfactory (cranial I) nerve& trigeminal
1storder neuron The Olfactory Pathways	Olfactory receptors pass through the cribriform plate to end in the glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.
2ndorder neurons in The Olfactory Pathways	mitral and tufted cells present in the olfactory bulbs that leaves the bulb to the olfactory cortex
inhibitory interneurons present in the bulb that produce GABA to inhibit mitral and tufted cells	Periglomerularcells & Granule cells
located anterior to the hypothalamus concerned with .Primitive responses to olfaction, such as licking the lips, salivation caused by the smell of food emotional associated with smell.	The medial olfactory area
area associated with Learning to like or dislike certain foods & Behavioral responses to food nausea and vomiting	Prepyriform and pyriform cortex + cortical portion of the amygdaloid nuclei
responsible for the conscious perception of olfaction i.e. analysis, interpretation and significance of the odour	the dorsomedial thalamic nucleusand that project to the orbitofrontal cortex
provides important olfactory information about odorants particularly pheromones, a substance that controls reproductive behaviourand	Vomero nasal organ