| nutrient | is a chemical compound or element necessary for good health that is found in food |
| essential nutrients | are nutrients that the body cannot make in the amounts essential for good health: therefore it is necessary to obtain these nutrients through the diet or from another source |
| Kilocalories(kcal) | is a measurement of energy, much as a pound is a measurement of weight |
| dietary reference intake (DRI) | refers to a set of nutrient-based values for evaluating and planning diets |
| what is the purpose of DRIs | to help individuals optimize their health, prevent disease, and avoid consuming to much nutrient |
| what does the colored areas on the my plate show or mean | she how much you should eat from the food groups |
| what are the names of the food plate | fruit, vegetables, grains, protein, diary |
| nurses use have basic knowledge of what in promoting nutrition | basic knowledge of nutrition & help patients understand the importance of their diets to encourage compliance |
| along with the my plate the USDA also suggest what | balance calories by reducing portions, increase intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; and reduce the amount of sodium and sugary foods in the diet |
| what must nurses always consider with nutrition | the patients nutritional state and evaluate the patients nutritional history to plan quality patient care |
| what is good nutrition | essential for optimal health throughout all stages of life |
| what are the six classes of essential nutrients | Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water |
| three major functions of nutrient include | providing energy, building and repairing tissues, regulating body processes |
| metabolism | is the combination of all chemical process that takes place in living organisms |
| what are the two important facts researchers have found that the body uses nutrients | individual nutrients have many functions on the body; no nutrients work alone |
| CHO (carbohydrates) | are organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| what's the main function of carbohydrates | to provide energy |
| what are carbohydrates made up of | Monosaccharides and disaccharide |
| Monosaccharides only have | one unit of sugar |
| Disaccharide are made up of | two sugar units bonded together |
| complex carbohydrates are made up of what | long chains of glucose (sugar) units |
| the three types of complex carbohydrates are | starch, glycogen, and dietary fiber |
| glycogen (also called animal starch) | is stored from carbohydrates; made from simple sugars and stored in the liver and muscles and used when the glucose level is low |
| dietary fiber | refers to food that humans cannot break down (digest) |
| what does insoluble fiber do | softens stool, speeds transition of foods through the digestive tract, and reduces pressure in the colon |
| water soluble fiber helps what | lower cholesterol levels and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease |
| digestion of carbohydrates begin | in the mouth with mechanical digestion; chewing of food into small pieces s it can be swallowed |
| all carbohydrates are broken down where | in the digestive tract into monosaccharides before they are absorbed and eventually converted into glucose |
| lipids | are organic substances of a fatty nature that are insoluble in water and are necessary for good health |
| satiety | a feeling of fullness and satisfaction from food |
| fast is also a component of what | all cell membranes |
| saturated fatty acids | chemical bounds are filled with completely or saturated with hydrogen ( generally of animal origin and are solid at room temperature) |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | has one ore more places on its chemical chain in which hydrogen is missing |
| Hydrogenation | is a process in which hydrogen is added to a aft of vegetable origin (unsaturated) to make it more saturated or solid |
| trans fatty acids | are unsaturated fatty acids that have been completely hydrogenated |
| Cholesterol | a lipid belonging to a class of chemical substances called sterols |
| Cholesterol is a building block for | cell membranes and hormones such as estrogen and testosterone |
| what needs to happen for fat to be digested | must be emulsified, or broken into smaller globules |
| lipoproteins | are molecules made of of lipids surrounding by protein |
| what are the four types of lipoproteins | chlymicrons, high-density lipoprotein (HDLs), low-density lipoprotein (LDLs) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) |
| what does cholesterols found in LDLs increase | the risk of atherosclerosis by contributing to plaque build up on the artery wall |
| protein provides | the building blocks for blood and bone and they are the structural part of every cell |
| the human body contains thousands of different protein which are | essential for tissue growth, repair and wound healing |
| the plasma protein aid in | fluid balance within the body |
| Hemoglobins | a protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body |
| amino acids | are the building block of protein |
| a complete protein | is one that contains all nine essential amino acids in sufficient quantity and ratio for the body's needs |
| complete protein are generally of animal origin are found in foods such as | meat, poultry, fish, milk, cheese, eggs, and soy products |
| incomplete proteins | are those that are lacking one or more of the essential amino acids |
| Incomplete proteins are of plant origin are found in | grains, legumes, nuts, seeds, |
| vegan | excludes all animal products, and more planning is required to obtain sufficient protein |
| strict vegetarian also need to include a reliable source of | vitamin B12 in the diet, because vitamin B12 is found exclusively in animal foods |
| nitrogen balance | is achieved when the amount of nitrogen(protein) taken is equal to the amount of nitrogen excreted in the urine |
| catabolism | Insufficient protein is being taken in and the body is breaking down more tissue that its building |
| prolonged negative nitrogen balance | eventually can cause atrophy of muscles, as well as poor functioning of all body systems |
| what the two types of PEM (protein energy malnutrition) | marasmus and kwashiorkor |
| marasmus | is a protein deficiency; it involves deficiency of protein as well as all other energy-providing foods; a chronic condition characterized by wasting of body tissue |
| Kwashiorkor | a result of severe protein restriction in the presence of calories |
| vitamins | organic compounds that are harmful essential in small quantities for normal metabolism and for the growth and maintenance of the body |
| dietary fat also carries the fat soluble vitamins | A,D,E, and K |
| excessive intake of of fat soluble vitamins especially A and D | can lead to toxicity and death |
| Pernicious anemia | a progressive microcytic megaloblastic anemia |
| nutrient-dense foods | foods that contain large amounts of nutrients in relation to kilocalories |
| what. is the current recommendation to delay or prevent disease | eating more fruit and vegetables |
| vitamin c contributes to the healing of | wounds, burns, fractures; it serves as an antioxidant; and is necessary for adrenal gland function |
| a deficiency of vitamin c can result in | bleeding in the bones and joints, easy bone fracture, poor wound healing, and anemia |
| of all the B-complex vitamins there are three especially important | Niacin-B3, folic acid-B9, cyanocobalamin-B12 |
| why is Niacin (B3) important | in the production of energy from glucose and is involved in the repair of DNA |
| how can you obtain B3 | eating meat, poultry, fish, peanuts or enriched whole grain bread and cereal |
| what is B9( folic acid) used for | formation of DNA and proper cell division |
| how is B9(folic acid) obtained | folic acid is the synthetic for of the vitamin; folate is water soluble that is found naturally in foods such as spinach, lentils, and garbanzo beans |
| what is vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) used for | plays an essential part in the production of hemoglobin and myelin |
| minerals | inorganic and are single elements rather than compound similar to vitamins they help regulate bodily functions without providing energy and are essential to good health |
| how are minerals classified | major & trace |
| major minerals | are those needed in amounts greater than 100mg/day |
| major minerals include | calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, sodium, potassium, and chloride |
| trace minerals | are those needed in much smaller amounts less than 100mg/day |
| trace minerals include | iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, cooper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, and molybdenum |
| other trace minerals thought to be essential but less known include | arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon |
| calcium function | formation and maintenance of bones and teeth, blood, clotting, nerve conduction, muscle contraction |
| calcium deficiency | Osteoporosis; weak, and more porous bones, stunted growth in children |
| Chloride function | fluid and acid-base balance |
| chloride deficiency | metabolic alkalosis (defined as elevation of the body's pH above 7.45) |
| Chromium function | Maintenance of normal glucose metabolism |
| calcium food source | milk, cheese, milk products, green leafy vegetables, broccoli, legumes, fish with bones, fortified cereals |
| Chloride food source | salt, processed foods, water supply |
| Chromium food source | whole grains, liver, nuts, cheese |
| Chromium deficiency | impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes- like symptoms, |
| cooper food source | organ meats, seafood, nuts, seeds, whole grain, cocoa |
| Cooper function | Necessary for utilization of iron |
| Cooper deficiency | anemia, vascular skeletal problems |
| Fluoride food source | water supply, plants grown in fluoride-rich soil |
| Fluoride functions | increase tooth resistance to decay, stimulates bone formation |
| Fluoride deficiency | increased susceptibility to tooth decay |
| iodine food source | iodized salt, seafood, plants grown in iodine-rich soil |
| iodine functions | part of thyroxin, which helps regulate metabolism, growth, and development |
| iodine deficiency | Goiter: enlarged thyroid gland, weight gain, skin and hair change
Cretinism: mental and physical retardation of fetus |
| iron food source | clams, liver, oysters, meat poultry, fish, legumes, whole and enriched grains, fortified cereals |
| iron functions | part of hemoglobin and myoglobin; necessary for oxygen transport and use in the body; part of some enzymes; energy metabolism |
| iron deficiency | microcytic: hypochromic anemia: fatigue, weakness, headache, apathy, pale skin, decreased immune function
children: reduce attention span, decreased ability to learn |
| magnesium food source | nuts, legumes, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, fortified cereals |
| Magnesium function | bone mineralization, muscle contraction and relaxation, general metabolism, good pressure regulation |
| Magnesium deficiency | nausea, muscle weakness, confusion, tetany (rare usually caused by other disease states) |
| manganese food source | widely distributed in food; richest in whole grain, food additives; found in almost all foods |
| Manganese functions | genera metabolism, formation of bone |
| Manganese Deficiency | dermatitis, reduced bone mineralization, altered lipid and carbohydrate metabolism |
| Phosphorus food source | milk, meat, poultry, fish, grains, food additives; found in almost all foods |
| Phosphorus functions | essential component of bone, energy metabolism, acid-base balance |
| Phosphorus deficiency | rare, but sometimes occurs in patients using aluminum hydroxide antacids |
| selenium food source | meat, poultry, fish, bread, grains, seeds |
| selenium functions | antioxidant |
| selenium deficiency | Cardiomyopathy |
| sodium food source | salt, processed foods, small amounts in unprocessed foods |
| sodium functions | fluid and acid-based balance, nerve conduction, muscle contraction |
| sodium Deficiency | cramps, mental confusion, apathy, appetite loss (usually secondary to diarrhea or disease) |
| sulfur food source | all foods containing protein |
| sulfur functions | essential constituent of proteins, metabolism |
| sulfur Deficiency | only in severe Deficiency problems with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments |
| zinc food source | red meat, liver, eggs, seafood, cereal, whole grains, legumes |
| zinc functions | part in many enzymes involved in metabolism |
| zinc Deficiency | loss of appetite, growth retardation, skin changes, immune system dysfunctions |
| myoglobin | similar to hemoglobin but is found in the muscle tissue and is responsible for storing oxygen in the muscle |
| iron deficiency anemia | lack of iron in the body; from inadequate diet; also excessive blood loss, absorption problems, and hemoglobins production problems |
| what is the claims for vitamins and minerals | help reduce stress, prevent colds, increase sexuality, increase energy, improve physical performance, and reduce the risk for certain diseases |
| water provides | structure to body tissue acts as a solvent, and is necessary for most of the bodies chemical processes |
| what is most vile to life | water' humans can live longer without food than they can without water |
| signs of dehydration include | poor skin turgor, flushed, dry mouth, cracked and dry lips, decreased urine output, irritability, and disorientation |
| hypertensive disorders of pregnancy includes | chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and gestational hypertension |
| what are the there most important substances to avoid during pregnancy | Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine |
| what is fetal alcohol syndrome characterized by | physical deformities, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems |
| caffeine | central nervous system stimulant and a diuretic, can potentially cause nervousness, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, heart dysrhythmias and palpitations |
| medical nutrition therapy | the use of specific nutritional variations to build good health |
| Therapeutic diet | diet used as a medical treatment |
| term therapeutic diet is often associated with | nutrient modified diets, such as low-fat or Loe-sodium diets |
| residue | bulk in the colon that includes undigested food, fiber, bacteria, body secretions, and cells |
| what are soft diets | intermediate step when a pt is progressing from a liquid diet to regular diet; generally low in fiber and similar to regular diet; also includes food from all food groups |
| high fiber diet | often used for treatment of constipation; variation of regular diet |
| basal metabolic rate (BMR) | body uses this energy to maintain necessary, involuntary body functions |
| when are the bodies energy and protein needs increased | after surgery, during sepsis, during presence of bone fracture, burns or injuries |
| high kilocalorie and and high protein diets provide increased amounts by | small volumes and are sued to help the compromised patient maintain adequate nutritional intake |
| obesity | excess of adipose tissue or body fat above the level considered healthy |
| body mass index (BMI) | a number calculated by a persons weight and height |
| body composition | the percentage of weight that compromise body fat versus lean tissue |
| what causes obesity | the chronic energy imbalance that results when more energy is consumed than expended |
| how should obesity be treated | a complex, chronic, relapsing disease and the person should be treated with empathy and without prejudice |
| effective therapy for obesity requires | a lifelong commitment to healthy lifestyle behaviors and addresses the medical and psychosocial aspects of the disease |
| what should be the goal for obesity treatment | to achieve weight management, not just weight loss |
| what are some aerobic (oxygen-using) exercises that will help decrease body fat | brisk walking, jogging, cycling, cross country skiing, and cross training |
| what does psychological intervention in the treatment of obesity include | counseling about self-esteem, body image, body acceptance, and coping with societal pressures |
| what does pharmacologic therapies include for obesity | use of prescription drugs and and over the counter meds |
| carbohydrate modified diets are mostly used for what | treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 |
| insulin | hormone produced by the pancreas needed to use glucose |
| diabetes is a disease that involves what | how well the body uses nutrients consumed |
| what is the overall goal for people with diabetes | the control and prevention of complications; normal nutrition & dietary modification to control blood glucose and lipid levels |
| what's different about nutrition for people who have diabetes | the need to monitor more closely and control carbohydrate intake |
| carbohydrate counting | is a meal planning approach that focuses on the total amount of carbohydrates eaten at meals and snacks |
| dumping syndrome | combination of profuse perspiration, nausea, vertigo, and weakness experienced by patients who have a subtotal gastrectomy; symptoms are felt soon after eating, when the contents of the stomach empty to rapidly into the duodenum |
| lactose intolerance | when there is a lack of digestive enzyme lactase, absence of lactase, the GI tract is unable to break down lactose, milk |
| when does the symptoms of lactose intolerance occurs and what are they | 30 mins to 2 hours after ingestion of milk products; nausea, cramps, bloated feeling, flatulence and diarrhea |
| what have researchers found with modifying fat in the diet | may reduce the risk of heart and vascular disease by 14% and the risk for some cancers can be reduced as well |
| low fat diet; and what is it used for | limited amounts of total fat, statured fat, and trans fatty acids; used to prevent and treat atherosclerosis, heart disease and hyperlipemia |
| atherosclerosis | a disorder characterized by buildup of cholesterol and lipids on the artery walls |
| Hyperlipemia | elevated levels of blood lipids |
| fat controlled diets are used to treat symptoms of | Diarrhea, steatorrhea, flatulence |
| fat controlled diets treat diseases of the | hepatobiliary tract, pancreas, intestinal mucosa, lymphatic system, malabsorption syndrome |
| metabolic syndrome is a name for metabolic risk factors that occur together and increase what | coronary artery disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, |
| what are the risk factors for metabolic syndrome | Abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated BP, insulin resistance |
| what is the goal of treatment for metabolic syndrome | reduce the risk of heart disease and diabetes |
| what is cirrhosis | chronic degenerative disease of the liver in which scar tissue develops and hinders the livers effectiveness in removing ammonia |
| if ammonia builds up in the in the blood stream and isn't controlled what can it cause | can lead to hepatic coma, brain damage, and death |
| when is sodium restricted diets mostly used | the treatment of hypertension and heart failure |
| sodium diets may also used in cases of | water retention or edema |
| with CHF, a decrease in sodium intake is necessary to | alleviate pulmonary and peripheral edema and reduce the workload of the heart |
| increased intake of potassium may help with | blood pressure control when it is in direct proportion to sodium intake |
| what does the DASH diet emphasize on | the inclusion of fruit and vegetables as well as low fat or non fat milk products |
| the American heart association and proponents of the DASH diet encourage what | balanced sodium/potassium diet & includes fruit, vegetables and low fat dairy |
| when a person has end stage renal disease potassium might be restricted to what | 2000mg/day; during renal failure potassium is retained ;which leads to a build up of potassium in the bloodstream |
| with a fluid modified diet what else is added other than beverages | gelatins, ice cream, sherbet, puddings, popsicles, fruit ices, and soup |
| in good health how much water should an adult intake a day to maintain hydration | 2 and 3l of water; in the presence of certain illnesses fluid intake may be restricted |
| during end stage renal disease and other kidney disease with low urine output fluid is restricted to | 500-700ml/day (approximately 2-3 cups) plus an amount equal to any daily urine output |
| fluid restrictions are also common during | CHF, directly after myocardial infarction, hepatic coma, or in the presence of ascites |
| tube feeding | is the administration of nutritionally balanced, liquified foods or formula through a tube inserted into the stomach, the duodenum, or the jejunum by the way of a nasogastric tube or ostomy |
| enteral feeding | Administration of nutrients into the GI tract |
| tube feeding is only used when | all or part of the GI tract is functioning |
| Cirrhosis, hepatic coma summary of diet modification | Protein restricted, possible sodium fat, & fluid restriction; no alcohol; vitamin and mineral supplements; mechanical soft diet |
| dumping syndrome summary of diet modification | carbohydrate restricted; no concentrated sweets; small, frequent feedings |
| hypertension summary of diets modification | Restricted calorie to decrease weight; sodium restriction; DASH diet, vitamin/mineral supplement especially calcium, potassium, magnesium; increased fiber |
| what is the most dependable way to check if a nasogastric tube is in place | through radiologic confirmation |
| the second best method to check placement on nasogastric tube is | through PH measurement |
| parenteral nutrition (or hyperalimentation) | the term used to describe intravenous feedings |
| total parenteral nutrition (TPN) | given through a large central vein; usually refers to administration of a hypertonic solution into the superior vena cava by way of catheter threaded through either the subclavian vein or the internal jugular vein |
| what are the 6 essential nutrients | protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, minerals, water |
| nutrients are necessary for | the proper functioning of all life processes in the body |
| lipids perform many functions in the body; they provide the most | concentrated source of energy all the nutrients can be used directly form the fat in foods or from the adipose tissue |
| fat is also | a component of all cell membranes |
| Monounsaturated food source contributing significant amounts to the diet | canola oil, peanuts and peanut oil, other nuts, avocado |
| cholesterol is a building block for | cell membranes and hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone |
| LDLs Low-density lipoprotein)are sometimes referred to | as carrying bad cholesterol |
| HDLs (high-density lipoprotein)are sometimes referred to | carrying good proteins |
| PEM (profetie energy malnutrition) | a lack of energy or protein intake |
