| Utopianism | belief in a state in which everything is perfect |
| socialism | community controls economy and manufacturing |
| capitalism | industry controlled by private owners for profit. government has a “hands off” approach to economy |
| communism | property is government owned, no social classes, centered on production, people paid according to needs |
| Adam Smith | “Wealth of Nations”, father of capitalism, laissez-faire |
| Robert Owen | founder of Utopianism, New Harmony, Indiana |
| Karl Marx | german philosopher who published “Communist Manifesto”, Marxism (communism) |
| Urbanization | People move from rural farms for urban cities |
| James Watt | Steam Engine |
| Eli Whitney | Cotton Gin |
| Henry Bessemer | 1st cost efficient way to make steel: Bessemer process |
| Louis Pasteur | germs, bacteria, pasteurization |
| Thomas Edison | light bulb, America’s greatest inventor |
| William Wilberforce | abolished slavery and slave trade in England |
| Louis Blanc | Modern social democracy |
| John Stuart Mill | Liberalism |
| Charles Darwin | evolution, natural selection |
| Charles Dickens | famous English writer whose novels depicted the hard times for the poor |
| Social Democracy | social justice in capitalist economy |
| romanticism | movement in art & literature that focused on individuality and inspiration |
