| life expectancy | is the number of years an individual will probably live, based on average for others with similar characteristics |
| infant mortality rate | refers to the number of deaths before the age of one |
| growth | refers to an increase in size and may involve the entire being or parts within |
| Development | refers to function and the gradual process of change and differentiation, from simple to complex |
| celphalocaudal | is defined as growth and development that proceed from the head to the feet |
| proximodistal | refers to the growth and development that originates in the center of the body and moves towards the outside |
| Chromosomes | threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of genetic information |
| conception | fertilization |
| zygote | the developing ovum from he time it is fertilized until, as a blastocyst, it is implanted into the uterus |
| Teratogen | is a substance, agent, or process, that interferes with normal prenatal development, causing the formation of one or more developmental abnormality in the fetus |
| Nuclear family | is a family unit that consist of parents and their biologic offspring |
| extended family | consist of nuclear or traditional family and additional family such as grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, who live in the same household |
| single parent family | exist today by choice or results of death, divorce, separation, or abandonment |
| blended (reconstituted) family | also called a stepfamily; is formed when adults remarry and bring together children from a previous marriages |
| social contract family Aldo referred to as cohabitation | involves a unmarried couple living together and sharing roles and responsibilities |
| homosexual family | comprises a same sex couple |
| Transgender family | may consist of one or more parents who have had a gender reassignment or are gender nonconforming |
| adoptive family | is a family unit with adopted children |
| grandfamilies | Refers to families with children under the age of 18 years who live with or in the custody of grandparents |
| foster family | results when the biologic parents are unable or unwilling to provide adequate, safe care for their children |
| Autocratic family pattern | the relationships are unequal; the parents attempt to control the children with strict rigid rules and expectations |
| patriarchal family patterns | the adult males or males in the family usually assumes the dominant role |
| Matriarchal family pattern | also known as the matrifocal family; the adult female or females of the family assume primary dominance in the areas of childcare and homemaking and financial decision making |
| democratic family pattern | the adult members function equally |
| engagement or commitment stage | begins when the couple acknowledges to themselves and others that they are considered married |
| establishment stage | extends from the wedding up until the birth of the first child |
| expectant stage | begins with conception and extends through the pregnancy |
| surrogacy | the agreement the woman makes to be artificially inseminated, voluntarily or for a fee, to bear a child, and then relinquish the parenting rights to the baby's natural father or another couple |
| parenthood stage | begins at birth or adoption of the first child |
| disengagement stage of parenthood | is that period of family life when the grown children depart from the home |
| senescence stage | is the last stage of the life cycle and requires the individual to cope with a large range of changes |
| sensorimotor stage | an infants knowledge comes about primarily through sensory impressions and motor activities |
| schema | an innate knowledge structure that allows a child to mentally organize ways to behave in the immediate environment |
| preoperational thought stage | when a child focuses on the use of language as a tool to meet needs the child has the emerging ability to think |
| concrete operational phase | during this phase, thought become increasingly logical and coherent so that the child is able to classify, sort, and organize facts while still being incapable of generalizing or dealing with abstractions |
| school violence | is defined as anything that physically or psychologically injures school children or damage school property |
| formal operational thought stage | an individual's cognitive function reaches maturity during adolescence |
| depression | is defined as a mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, and hopelessness |
| Presbyopia | a defect in vision and advancing age that involves loss of accommodation or the recession of that near point caused by loss of the elasticity of the crystalline lens and ensuring change in close vision |
| presbycusis | a normal progressive, age associated loss of hearing acuity, speech intelligibility, auditory threshold, and pitch |
| ageism | a for of discrimination or prejudice against the older adult, is an unfortunate reality; prevents people from being as happy and productive as they otherwise can be |
| Development is a life long process that | begins at conception, the beginning of pregnancy, and ends with death |
| what are the 8 stages of lifespan development | infancy birth-1, toddler1-3, preschool 3-5, school age 6-12, adolescences 13-19, early adulthood 20-40, middle adulthood 40-65, late adulthood 65+ |
| how has middle adulthood and late adulthood been recently recognized | having equal importance as earlier stages of development |
| the significant growth of the population in the older age group we must become more aware of: | unique characteristics, needs, and problems |
| growth patterns appear to be | controlled genetically, and other factors are nutrition, heredity, and environment |
| what is the basic function of family | the basic unit of society |
| define family | composed of two or more individuals united by marriage, blood, adoption, emotional bonds, and social roles |
| what is the family responsible for teaching the children | society expectations and limitations; formal education, instilling morals, values and ideals |
| define family patterns | refer to the way in which family members relate to one another |
| Ericksons stages of psychosocial development for infancy, birth to 1; Developmental tasks and outcomes | Basic trust vs mistrust; infants learn to either treat or not to trust that significant others will properly care for their basic needs, including nourishments, sucking, warming, cleanliness, and physical contact |
| Ericksons stages of psychosocial development for middle adulthood, 45 to 65; developmental tasks and outcomes | generative vs stagnation, middle aged adults are productive, performing meaningful work and raising a family, or becoming stagnant and inactive |
| common signs of stress in children | mood swings, acting-out behavior, change in eating or sleeping pattern, frequent stomachaches headaches or other unexplained somatic symptoms, excessive clinging to parents, thumb-sucking, bedwetting, return to behavior typical of an earlier stage of development |
| the basic sequence of language | three months babbling, one year recognition of words, preschool age acquisition of structure of narrative language, at 6 years, ability to speak and understand new words and sentences |
| Piaget stages of cognitive development sensorimotor birth to 2 years | uses sense and motor ability, develops schema, begin to interact with environment, learns objects still exist when out of sight, mental representation, develop thinking and goal-directed behaviors |
| Piagets stages of cognitive development formal operational thought 12+ | uses systematic, scientific problem-solving approach; recognizes past, present, future; able to move in thought from the real to the possible; becomes more interested in ethics, politics, and all social and moral issues |
| what happens to the baby weight by one | birth weight triples |
| average vitals for 1 year old | apical pulse 120, respirations 30, bp 90/60 |
| 6 month primary dentition schedule | teething begins with eruption of two lower central incisors |
| what is the leading cause of death in infants and young children | accidents |
| how much sleep does a toddler need | a daytime nap and twelve hours each night |
| what does play improve for toddlers | muscle coordination, balance, and muscle strength |
| more than half of the childhood deaths are caused by what kind of accidents | motor vehicle and at home and about 90% of the accidents at home are believed to be preventable |
| growth during preschool stage tends to be slow and steady. What is the average height and weight growth during this time? | less than 5lbs per year and 2 to 2 1/1" per year |
| during the school age 6-12 the growth is gradual and subtle; the most obvious growth is in the long bones and facial bones, sometimes accompanied by growing pains; what is the height and weight growth during his time? | 4 1/2 to 6 1/2 lbs per year and about 2" per year |
| the adolescent diet is most likely deficient in what minerals | Calcium, iron, zinc |
| why is calcium, iron, zinc needed for growth in adolescences | calcium: for skeletal growth; iron: for expansion for muscle mass and blood volume, soft tissue growth, and rapid growth demands of the expanding red blood cell mass; zinc: the generation of skeletal and muscle tissue |
| intimacy leads to | commitment, sharing, compromise |
| Erickson identified early intimacy versus isolation as | the developmental task of adulthood |
| define intimacy | the ability to develop one's deepest hopes and concerns in connection to another person |
| what is the virtue that deploys in young adulthood | mutuality of devotion between partners who have chosen to share their lives; virtue of love |
| what does Erickson consider the mark of adulthood | conflicting demands of intimacy, competitiveness, and distance, they develop an ethical sense |
| what is the period of menopause known as and will happen | perimenopause; during this time the ovaries diminish and eventually cease |
| what are some signs and symptoms of menopause | irregular periods, flow changes, excess fluid retention, breast tenderness, hot flashes, palpitations, night sweats, irritability or mood swings |
| possible evidence of the male climacteric includes | decreased libido (sex drive), loss of body hair, and delayed erection |
| a mans actual capacity during "midlife crisis" is related to what | self perception and mental outlook |
| define the autoimmunity theory | with aging, the body becomes less able to recognize or tolerate the "self"; as a result the immune system produces antibodies that act against the self |
| as the immune system decreases what does it raise the risk for | Development of infections and cancer |
| define wear and tear theory | age is not based on chronologic age but is determined by the amount of wear and tear experienced |
| what do many people believe the structural and functional changes of growing old are accelerated by | abuse of the body |
| define activity theory | the older person who is more active socially is more likely to adjust well to aging |
| aging is a complex process that affects what | cells, tissues and organs |
| what is the age range will you see a slow increase in body weight | 45 to 50 and the gradual decline begins |
| what age do you start to loose height | around age 50 |
| why do older adults start to loose height | increase in spinal curvature caused by slight thinning of the intervertebral disk; and certain abnormal postures and contours |
| what are normal changes to hearing in older adults | presbycusis ( increased difficulty in hearing high-pitched sounds); increase in degenerative changes within ear structure; increase buildup of wax production |
| what are some suggested nursing interventions for hearing for older adults | speak slowly and clearly. face individual, don't shout, speak in lower tones, control background noise, encourage use of hearing aids if available |
| some older adults notice changes in memory such as | benign forgetfulness which is far more common than the forgetfulness associated with Alzheimer's disease |
| sleep for the older person is often affected by | medications, alcohol, caffeine, stress, environmental noises and changes |
| life review and acceptance means what | is ones strengths and weaknesses and are necessary aspects of the aging process |
| aging like growth is | a highly individualized process |
| Erickson identified the central task that must be resolved at each lifespan; what are the lifespans | infancy, toddler, preschool, school age, adolescences, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood |
| growth patterns suggest | rapid growth during infancy, continued growth during toddler and preschool years, and slow but steady during the school years, followed by a rapid stage of growth during puberty and adolescence |
| all types of families serve similar basic functions such as | protection, nurturance, education, sustenance, and socialization of their members |
| development is a lifelong process that | begins at conception and ends at death |
| Piaget focussed on the concept of cognitive development beginning | in infancy and continuing throughout the childhood years |
| when is consistent discipline and supervision needed | throughout childhood |
| when does peer relationships become significant | at school age |
| when does adolescences take place | the transitional period between childhood and adulthood |
| adulthood is marked by what significant events | carer, decisions, marriage, new social relationships, and financial concerns |
| late adulthood is marked by | gradual slowing of the body's functions |
| roles undergo change during the middle adulthood including | nuclear family roles, relatives with grown children, grandparenting, and possibly career changes |
