| Describe the structure of glycogen | - Alpha glucose
- Long, branched chains
- Its compact
- Has 1-4 glyosidic bonds |
| Adaptations of starch | - Coils in a spiral shape and is compact so it takes little space in cell - good for storage
- Insoluble - doesn't affect water potential by osmosis
- Chains may be branched or unbranched |
| Adaptations of cellulose | - Molecules attach together in parallel to form rope-like structures - forming microfibrils (made by fibres)
- Hydrogen bonds strong in large numbers
- Unbranched chains
- Long straight chains |
| What monomers form cellulose molecules | - Beta glucose (b - glucose) |
| What monomer form starch molecules | - Alpha glucose (a - glucose) |
| How the structure of cellulose is linked to function | - The strength of the cellulose fibres and hydrogen bonds in cell wall maintains shape and rigidity |
| Adaptations of glycogen | - Insoluble - doesn't diffuse out of cells
- Compact - suitable for storage
- More branched than starch - more rapidly hydrolysed (broken down) by enzymes |
| What are the two components of starch | - Amylose
- Amylopectin |
| Amylose | - a - glucose
- Unbranched
- 1,4 (carbon atoms) glycosidic bonds |
| Amylopectin | - a - glucose
- Branched
- 1,4 and some 1,6 glycosidic bonds |
| Enzyme that breaks down maltose | - Maltase |
| Enzyme that breaks down sucrose | - Sucrase |
| Enzyme that breaks down lactose | - Lactase |
| Difference in the structure of the starch molecule and the cellulose molecule | - Starch formed from α-glucose but cellulose formed from β-glucose
- Position of hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on carbon atom 1 inverted |
| Describe how the molecules of cellulose are similar to molecules of starch | - Both insoluble
- Both made up of glucose
- Both contain glyosidic bonds |
| Hydrogen bonds are important in cellulose molecules. Explain why | - Holds chains together
- Forms microfibrils, providing strength
- Hydrogen bonds strong in large numbers |
