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level: Chapter 3: Granulocytes and Mononuclear

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Chapter 3: Granulocytes and Mononuclear

Question	Answer
The first blood cells are primitive red blood cells (RBCs; erythroblasts) formed in the _____ the first 2 to 8 weeks of life.	islets of the yolk sac
Gradually, the liver and spleen replace the yolk sac as the sites of blood cell development. By the second month of gestation, the ____ becomes the major site of hematopoiesis, and granular types of leukocytes have made their initial appearance. The liver and spleen predominate from about __ to ___ months of fetal life.	liver and 2 to 5 months
In the fourth month of gestation, ___ begins to produce blood cells. After the fifth fetal month, ____ begins to assume its ultimate role as the primary site of hematopoiesis.	Bone marrow
After stem cell differentiation, blast cells arise for each of the major categories of cell types	Erythrocytes Mega-karyocytes Granulocytes Monocytes-macrophages Lymphocyte Plasma cells
In normal peripheral or circulating blood, the following types of leukocytes can be found, in order of frequency:	Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils
What are the Granulocytic cells?	Basophils Eosinophils, Neutrophils
These specialized cells originate as “multipotential stem cell” in the bone marrow.	Granulocytic cells
They provide an effective host defense against ____ and ____ infections.	Bacterial and Fungal
Sometimes referred to as the “Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils”	Neutrophils
Their common visible characteristic is their polymorphonuclear appearance	Neutrophils
Granulocytic cell that has a lifespan of 5.4 days	Neutrophils
Their antibacterial functions are essential in the innate immune response	Neutrophils
Cytoplasm: Contains pink- or lavender-staining granules	Neutrophil
How can the PMN prolong inflammations?	It is achieved through the release of soluble substances, such as cytokines and chemokines.
It is the movement of the granulocytes from the circulating pool to the peripheral tissues.	DIAPEDESIS
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE GRANULES OF THE NEUTROPHILS?	phagocytic process and disrupt the integrity of the cell itself.
How are neutrophils removed in the circulation?	Naturally, neutrophils are also steadily lost to the respiratory, gastrointestinal (GI), and urinary systems, where they participate in generalized phagocytic activities. or phagocytosis by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
Capable of performing phagocytosis but utilizes it in a lesser extent	EOSINOPHILS AND BASOPHILS
They are known as the “homeostatic regulator of inflammation”	Eosinophils
Its major role in the body’s defense mechanism is its ability to kill certain parasites.	Eosinophils
Type of granular cell that has basic granules and loves acidic environment	Eosinophils
Deals with Parasitic infection and Allergy	Eosinophils
it is the increase of number of eosinophils	Eosinophilia
Bright orange-red cytoplasmic granules filled with proteins involved in immune system regulation.	Eosinophils
They have high concentrations of heparin and histamine in their granules, which play an important role in acute, systemic, hypersensitivity reactions.	BASOPHILS
They contain dark purple, irregular cytoplasmic granules that obscure the nucleus.	BASOPHILS
This occurs when an antigen (i.e pollen) binds to two adjacent immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody molecules located on the surface of mast cells.	DEGRANULATION
they promote the movement of almost all leukocyte types into tissues and amplify the effects of type 2 T helper cells (have a significant role in humoral immunity and defense against helminth infections).	LEUKOTRIENES
Elevated basophil count. It is rare and often signals a hematologic disease or chronic inflammation.	BASOPHILIA
Process of Phagocytosis	Chemotaxis-Adherence-Engulfment-Digestion
Is the directed migration of a cell in response to a chemical stimulus, such as a growth factor.	Chemotaxis
Slower in moving to the inflammatory site. Macrophages resident in the tissues of the body are already in place to deal with an intruding agent. Additional macrophages from the bone marrow and other tissues can be released in severe infections.	Monocytes
Have been shown to activate complement when stimulated by cytokines or coagulation-derived factors.	neutrophils
A change in the direction of movement of a motile cell in response to a concentration gradient of a specific chemical, chemotaxin.	CHEMOTACTIC RESPONSE
Speed up phagocytosis	OPSONIZATION
Fc portions of antibody and C3 are called ?	Opsonin
The leukocyte adhesion cascade is a sequence of adhesion and activation events that ends with the cell exerting its effects on the inflamed site	ADHERENCE
The process known as capture (tethering) represents the first contact of a leukocyte with the activated endothelium.	Capture
On reaching the site of infection, phagocytes engulf and destroy the foreign matter . Eosinophils can also undergo this process, except that they kill parasites. After the phagocytic cells have arrived at the site of injury, the bacteria can be engulfed through active membrane invagination.	Engulfment
Are extended around the pathogen, pulled by interactions between the Fc receptors and Fc antibody portions on the opsonized bacterium. The bacteria must be more hydrophobic than the phagocyte	PSEUDOPODIA
Granules containing enzymes (e.g., lysozyme, myeloperoxidase)	Primary, or Azurophilic
specific granules containing substance such as lactoferrin	Secondary
Containing substances such as caspases	Tertiary granules
Damage host tissues	Elastase
Major factors in the actual killing of bacteria within the vacuole.	HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) and an OXIDIZABLE COFACTOR
Effective as phagocytic cells because of large amounts of lipase in their cytoplasm. Further bind and destroy cells coated with complement-fixing antibodies . Release of lytic enzymes results in the destruction of neutrophils and their subsequent phagocytosis by macrophages.	Monocytes
Attack bacteria with a lipid capsule (ex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis).	LIPASE
referred to as the Reticuloendothelial system	MONOCLEARPHAGOCYTE SYSTEM
Cells of the macrophage system originate in the bone marrow	MULTIPOTENTIAL STEM CELL
Macrophages exist as fixed or wandering cells.	True
“Dust phagocytes of the lung” First line of defense against inhaled foreign particles and bacteria. Fixed macrophages line the endothelium of capillaries and the sinuses of organs	PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
Process is enhanced by the presence of receptors on the surface of the Fc portion of IgG and C3.	PHAGOCYTOSIS
Involved in removing tissue debris, repairing wounds, and removing debris as embryonic tissues replace one another.	Spleen
Tissue damage results in inflammation, a series of biochemical and cellular changes that facilitate the phagocytosis of invading microorganisms or damaged cells	Acute Inflammation
A practitioner of Greek medicine who was born in 25 bce, is credited with recording the cardinal signs of inflammation— rubor (redness), calor (heat), dolor (pain), and tumor (swelling).	CELSUS
The inflammatory response involves the following three major stages:	1.Dilation of capillaries to increase blood flow 2. Microvascular structural changes and escape of plasma proteins from the bloodstream 3. Leukocyte transmigration through endothelium and accumulation at the site of injury
A life-threatening clinical syndrome caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, resulting in characteristic constellation of physiologic and biochemical abnormalities.	SEPSIS