| What are the types of consumers? | 1. Herbivores; 2.Carnivores; 3.Omnivores; 4.Scavengers; |
| What is Biomass? | Amount of any matter in one organism. |
| What is Matter ? | It is anything that can occupy space and has a mass. |
| What are the five (5) phases of matter ? | Solid, Liquid, Gas, Plasma and Bosh Einstein Condensate. These phases of matter can modify the arrangement of the structure and properties of atoms. Example : water (liquid) can exist as ice (solid) or water vapor(gas). |
| Can you destroy matter? | Under ordinary circumstances, the matter is neither created nor destroyed but instead is recycled over and over again. |
| What matter consists of ? | It consists of elements, which are substances that can't be broken down by ordinary chemical reactions. 122 known elements (92 natural, plus 30 created under special conditions) have distinct chemical characteristics. |
| What are the 4 elements that are responsible for 96% of the mass of living things? | Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen. |
| What all elements are composed of ? | It composed of ATOMS which are the smallest particles that exhibit the element's characteristics. |
| what atoms composed of ? | Atom is composed of protons (+), electrons (-), and electrically neutral neutrons. |
| Where can protons and neutrons be found? | Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, are clustered in the NUCLEUS in the center of the
atom |
| What are electrons ? | Tiny compared to the other particles, orbit the nucleus at the speed of light |
| What is atomic number? | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table. |
| What is Chemical Bond ? | It holds molecule together. |
| What is Molecule? | Atoms often join to form COMPOUNDS or substances composed of different kinds of atoms, pairs, or groups of atoms that can exist as a single unit. Example: molecular oxygen (O2), compounds can exist as molecules also: Example: glucose (C6H12O6). |
| What is ion? | an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more of its valence electrons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. (so bale imbalanced ang charges) |
| What is Ionic Bond? | type of linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. Such a bond forms when the valence (outermost) electrons of one atom are transferred permanently to another atom. |
| What is Covalent bond | interatomic linkage that results from the SHARING of an electron pair between two atoms. |
| What is anion ? | Negatively charged ions (with one or more extra electrons). |
| What is cation? | Positively charged ions. |
| What is acid ? | Substances that willingly give up hydrogen ions in water. |
| What is base or alkaline ? | Substances that readily bond with H_ ions |
| How do we describe the strength of an acid and base? | Through their pH . Acids have a pH below 7; bases have a pH greater than 7. A solution of exactly pH 7 is “neutral.” |
| What is a compound ? | A substance consisting of atoms or ions of two or more different elements in definite proportions joined by chemical bonds into a molecule |
| What is Organic Compounds | a chemical compound in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. |
| What are the four major categories of organic compounds in living things (bio-organic compounds) | Lipids, Carbohydrate, Proteins, Nucleotides. |
| What are Lipids ? | Examples of Lipids are fats and oil, stored energy for cells and they provide the core of cell membranes and other structures. It does not readily dissolve in water. |
| What is the basic structure of Lipids ? | Lipids are part of the family of hydrocarbons because of its structure-a chain of carbon atoms with attached hydrogen atoms |
| What are Carbohydrates ? | Examples are sugars, starches, and cellulose, which also store energy and provide structure to cells. |
| What is the basic structure of Carbohydrate ? | Like lipids, carbohydrates have a basic structure of carbon atoms, but hydroxyl (OH) groups replace half of the hydrogen atoms in their basic structure, usually consisting of long-chain sugars. Glucose is an example of very simple sugar. |
| What is Protein ? | composed of chains of subunits called amino acids. It is folded into complex three-dimensional shapes; proteins provide structure to cells and are used for countless cell functions. |
| Why proteins are essential? | Proteins help identify disease-causing microbes, make muscles move, transport oxygen to cells, and regulate cell activity. |
| What is Nucleotides? | are complex molecules that are made of a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), one or more phosphate groups, and an organic nitrogen-containing base |
| What chains are present in Nucleotides ? | The long chains called ribonucleic acid (RNA) which is single-stranded and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) double helix that carries genetic information. |
| What are the four kinds of nucleotides occur in DNA? | adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine |
| What do you call a sequence of 3 consecutive nucleotides? | Codons |
| What does codons do? | corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis. |
| What are cells? | cells are the fundamentals units of life, All living organisms are composed of cells. |
| What are organisms that composed of single cells? | Microscopic organisms such as bacteria, some algae, and protozoa. |
| What surrounds the cell? | Cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane (cell membrane) that provides protection for a cell. Plasma membrane consists of both LIPIDS and PROTEINS |
| What does dynamic membrane of lipids and protein do? | They receives information about the exterior world and regulates the flow of materials between the cell and its environment. |
| What are Enzymes ? | molecular catalysts that regulate chemical reactions without being used up or inactivated in the process. |
| What is the function of an Enzyme? | Enzymes are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies. They build some substances and break others down |
| What is metabolism? | a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in enzymatic reactions performed by an organism. |
| What is Energy ? | defined as the ability to do work, such as moving an object or can perform a specific task |
| What are the 2 forms of Energy? | Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy |
| What is Kinetic Energy? | It is an energy in motion. |
| What is Potential Energy? | It is energy at rest or stable energy. |
| What energy can be transferred between objects of different temperatures? | Heat |
| What happens when a substance absorbs heat? | the kinetic energy of its molecules increases, or it may change state. A solid may become a liquid, or a liquid may become a gas. |
| What is Thermodynamics? | thermodynamics deals with how energy is transferred to natural processes, it deals with the flow rates and the transformation of energy from one form or quality to another. |
| What does first law of thermodynamics states? | It states that energy is conserved; that is, it is neither created nor destroyed under normal conditions. It can, however, be transferred from one location to another and converted to and from other forms of energy. |
| What does second law of thermodynamics states? | It states that, with each successive energy transfer or transformation in a system, less energy is available. That is, energy is degraded to lower-quality forms, or it dissipates and is lost, as it is used. |
| What is Entropy? | A measure of the amount of energy in a physical system not available to do work. As a physical system becomes more disordered, and its energy becomes more evenly distributed, that energy becomes less able to do work. |
| Where does the energy needed by living organisms come from? | all plants and animals living on the Earth's surface, the sun is the ultimate energy source and for the organisms living at the bottom of the oceans where sunlight is unavailable, chemicals derived from rocks provide alternate energy sources. |
| What is the first reason why solar energy is essential to life? | First, the sun provides warmth. Each species has its range of temperatures to function normally. At high temperatures (above 40°C), biomolecules begin to break down and nonfunctional, while at low tempt (near 0°C), some chemical reactions of metabolism occur too slowly to enable organisms to grow and reproduce. |
| What is the second reason why solar energy is essential to life? | Second, all organism on the Earth depends on solar radiation for life-sustaining energy which is captured by green plants, algae, and some bacteria in a process called photosynthesis. |
| What is Photosynthesis ? | It is a process where it converts radiant energy into useful, high-quality chemical energy in the bonds that hold together organic molecules. |
| Where does Photosynthesis occur? | It occurs in tiny membranous organelles called chloroplasts that reside within plant cells. |
| What is Chlorophyll ? | a unique green molecule that can absorb light energy and use it to create high- energy chemical bonds in compounds that serve as the fuel for all subsequent cellular metabolism. |
| What reaction take place when Photosynthesis begins? | light-dependent reactions |
| What is Light-Dependent Reaction? | It use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. In plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of organelles called chloroplasts. |
| When does Light-dependent reaction occur? | These occur only while the chloroplast is receiving light. |
| What is Species? | it refers to all organisms of the same kind that are genetically similar enough to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring. |
| What is Population? | consists of all the members of a species living in a given area at the same time. |
| What is Biological Community? | consist of All of the populations of organisms living and interacting in a particular area |
| what is ecological system/ecosystem ? | composed of a biological community and its physical environment. |
| What are abiotic and biotic factors? | abiotic factors (nonliving components), such as climate, water, minerals, and sunlight, as well as biotic factors, such as organisms, their products (secretions, wastes, and remains), and effects in a given area. |
| What are Producers? | It is the baseline part of a food chain. Producers include plants, bacteria, algae and phytoplankton. |
| What are the major properties of an ecosystem? | Productivity and Biomass. |
| What is Biomass? | Amount of any matter in one organism. |
| Why is Photosynthesis described as Primary Productivity? | because it is the basis for almost all other growth in an ecosystem. |
| What is Secondary Productivity? | Manufacture of biomass by organisms that eat plants. |
| What is trophic level? | An organism’s feeding status in an ecosystem. |
| What are consumers? | Organisms that get their food from eating other organisms. |
| What are the types of consumers? | 1. Herbivores; 2.Carnivores; 3.Omnivores; 4.Scavengers; |
| What are Decomposers? | Organisms that carries out decomposition. |
| What do you call an organism that eats producer? | Primary Consumer |
| What do you call an organism that eats primary producer? | Secondary Consumer |
| What are Ecological pyramids? | describe trophic levels. It is the arrangement of the food chain according to the trophic levels. The bottom or base
are the primary consumers, followed by the secondary consumers and the decomposers as the final product of the ecosystem. |
