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level: AGGLUTINATION METHODS

Questions and Answers List

level questions: AGGLUTINATION METHODS

Question	Answer
AGRGEGATION OF SOLUBLE TEST ANTIGENS	PRECIPITATION
SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AGGREGATE TO FORM LARGER VISIBLE CLUMPS	AGGLUTINATION
VISIBLE EXPRESSION OF AGGREGATION OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX	PRECIPITATION/ AGGLUTINATION
ARE NEEDED TO VISIBLY INDICATE THAT ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION HAS TAKEN PLACE.	ARTIFICIAL CARRIER PARTICLES
DIRECTLY INDENTIFIES AND MEASURES SPECIFIC ANTIBODY/ ANTIGEN WITH THE USE OF SERUM OR PREPARED REAGENTS	DIRECT AGGLUTINATION
USES CARRIER MOLECULES IN ORDER TO ENHACE THE VISIBILITY OF PRECIPITATES	INDIRECT AGGLUTINATION
FACTORS THAT AFFECTS QUALITY OF RESULTS	1. TIME OF INCUBATION OF ANTIBODY SOURCE 2. AMOUNT AND AVIDITY OF AN ANTIGEN CONJUGATED TO THE CARRIER 3. CONDITION OF TEST ENVIRONMENT- PH, TEMP
TYPES OF AGGLUTINATION	1.LATEX AGGLUTINATION 2. FLOCCULATION 3. DIRECT BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION 4. HEMAGGLUTINATION
ARE BOUND WITH ANTIBODIES AGAINST A SPECIFIC ANTIGEN. EX CRP	LATEX BEADS
THE ____ ANTIBODIES ATTACHED, THE MORE ANTIGEN CAN BIND TO THE SURFACE OF LATEX	MORE
IN SOME TESTS, ANTIGEN ARE BOUND TO THE____PARTICLE THAT MEASURE THE ANTIBODY PRESENT IN SAMPLE	LATEX
OLD VERSION OF_____ TEST USES LATEX AGGLUTINATION	PREGNANCY
ANTIGEN INTERACTS WITH ANTIBODY WHICH RESULTS TO FORMATION OF FINE PRECIPITATES	SOLUBLE
CAN BE SEEN MACROSCOPICALLY BECAUSE IT IS FORCED IN A CONFINED SPACE	PRECIPITATES
EXAMPLE OF THIS TEST IS VDRL TEST- VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY TEST	FLOCCULATION TEST
IT IS A DIRECT AGGLUTINATION OF WHOLE PATHOGEN TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF ANTIBODIES DIRECTED AGAINST THE PATHOGEN.	DIRECT BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
BACTERIA CLUMP TOGETHER AND FORM VISIBLE PRECIPITATES DUE TO BINDING OF _____	SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES
ALLOWS SATISFACTORY RESULT FORMATION THROUGH THE USE NORMAL PHYSIOLOGICAL SALINE WITH FREE POSITIVE IONS	CRITERIAS: ELECTROSTATIC FORCES-
A TYPE OF AGGLUTINATION THAT USES BLOOD FOR TESTING	HEMAGGLUTINATION
TYPICALLY USED IN BLOOD BANK IN DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES (OF RARE BLOOD TYPE- ANTIBODY PANEL) AGAINST THE ANTIGEN IN THE SURFACE OF ERYTHROCYTE	HEMAGGLUTINATION
ALLOWS THESE ERYTHROCYTE TO DETECT ANTIBOODIES NOT USUALLY PRESENT IN THE SERUM.	INDIRECT/PASSIVE HEMAGGLUTINATION-
ANTIBODIES DIRECTED AGAINST ANTIBODIES, TO FORM VISIBLE AGGLUTINATION. ENHANCES AGGLUTINATION	ANTIHUMAN GLUBULIN (AHG)
AGGLUTINATION IS THE ENDPOINT OF FORMATION OF BRIDGES BETWEEN ____	ANTIBODIES AND AND ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS
TWO STAGES OF AGGLUTINATION:	SENSITIZATION LATTICE FORMATION
THIS IS THE PHYSICAL ATTACHMENT OF ANTIBODY MOLECULES TO ANTIGENS.	SENSITIZATION
COMBINATION OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY IS____, MEANING IT CAN BE ALTERED THROUGH VARIOUS CONDITIONS	REVERSIBLE
PROCEDURE THAT PURPOSELY SEPARATE ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY COMBINATION BY MANIPULATING THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS	ELUTION
THE AMOUNT OF ANTIBODY WILL REACT BY THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT. THE HIGHER THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT, THE HIGHER THE ASSOCIATION AND THE SLOWER THE RATE OF DISSOCIATION.	TRUE
FACTORS AFFECTING AB ASSOCIATION	PARTICLE CHARGE ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION ANTIBODY TYPE AG-AB RATIO AG DETERMINANTS PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
INERT PARTICLES SUCH AS LATEX, RBCS AND BACTERIA HAVE A NET NEGATIVE CHARGE CALLED?	ZETA POTENTIAL.
THE CONCENTRATION OF SALT IN REACTION MEDIUM HAS A DIRECT EFFECT ON ____ BY MEMBRANE BOUND ANTIGEN	ANTIBODY UPTAKE
CREATES SHIELDING EFFECT THEREFORE NEUTRALIZES THE OPPOSING CHARGE OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY	SODIUM (Na+), CHLORIDE (Cl-)
THE PROBLEM IS SOLVED BY USING A LISS (LOW IONIC SALINE SOLUTION) OR ADDING OF CHARGED MOLECULES LIKE ALBUMIN, OR CENTRIFUGATION	TRUE
THE MOST EFFICIENT ANTIBODY FOR AGGLUTINATION BECAUSE OF THEIR LARGE SIZE AND MULTIVALENCY DUE TO POLYMERIC STRUCTURE	IgM
TOO SMALL TO OVERCOME ELECROSTATIC FORCES, THEREFORE, AHG IS ADDED TO FORM A BRIDGE BETWEEN THESE ANTIBODIES	IgG
A ZONE IN WHICH OPTIMUM PRECIPITATION OCCURS DUE TO 1:1 RATIO OF ANTIBODY AND ANTIGEN AMOUNT IN A SOLUTION THEREBY INCREASING THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT	ZONE OF EQUIVALENCE-
MORE ANTIBODIES THAN ANTIGEN ARE PRESENT	PROZONE
MORE ANTIGEN THAN ANTIBODIES ARE PRESENT	POSTZONE
THE NUMBER OR AMOUNT OF ANTIGEN IN THE SURFACE OF THE CELL DIRECTLY AFFECTS AGGLUTINATION. EX ABO AND KELL GROUP	ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT
WHEN TWO DISSIMILAR ANTIBODIES WITH SAME BINDING CONSTANT COMPETE WITH THE SAME ANTIGEN THEREFORE BLOCKING THE AGGLUTINATION AS NEITHER OF TWO ANTIBODIES ARE BOUND. OTHER PROTEIN MOLECCULES MAY CAUSE STERIC HINDRANCE	STERIC HINDRANCE
MEDIUM USED FOR AGGLUTINATION TESTINGS SHOULD BE MADE OF OPTIMUM OR NEUTRAL PHYSIOLOGICAL pH OF 6.5- 7.5	pH
ARE USUALLY ADDED TO SOME TESTS TO NEUTRALIZE OR OPTIMMIZE pH NECESSARY FOR TESTING.	BUFFER
ANTIBODIES REACT DIFFERENTLY WITH TEMPERATURE THEREFORE TESTS RELY MAINLY IN INCUBATION PERIOD.	TEMP. AND LENGTH OF INCUBATION
COLD REACTING	IgM
WARM REACTING	IgG
THIS IS THE CROSS-LINKS BETWEEN SENSITIZED PARTICLES (AG-AB)	LATTICE FORMATION
LATTICE FORMATION- THE FORMATION OF THESE LINKS ARE DEPENDENT ON THE ABILITY OF THE SENSITIZED CELLS TO COME CLOSER TO ONE ANOTHER AND BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN ______.	ANTIGEN RECEPTOR SITES
VISIBLE PRECIPITATES NOW FORMED AS INCREASING NUMBER OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY COMBINE	LATTICE FORMATION
METHODS FOR ENHANCING AGGLUTINATION	1.CENTRIFUGATION 2. TREATMENT WITH PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME 3. USE OF COLLOIDS 4. AHG TESTING
OVERCOMES DISTANCE BY SUBJECTING SENSITIZED CELLS TO HIGH GRAVITATIONAL FORCE	CENTRIFUGATION
LOWERS ZETA POTENTIAL BY ADDITION OF SOME REAGENTS (TRYPSIN)	TREATMENT WITH PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME-
LATEX, CHARCOAL, GOLD	USE OF COLLOIDS
ENHANCES BRIDGING BETWEEN ANTIBODIES	AHG TESTING
GENTLE SHAKING OF TEST TUBES SHOWS THE AGGLUTINATION REACTION (CELL BUTTON) WITH THE USE OF MIRROR OR MAGNIFYING GLASS.	SHAKING OR RESUSPENSION-
IS USUALLY DONE AFTER RESUSPENSION AND DESCRIBED AS 0-4+	GRADING-
THIS HAPPENS WHEN A PATIENT WITH ABNORMAL PRODUCTION OF SOME TYPES OF GLOBULINS FORM A ROLEAUX FORMATION.	PSEUDOAGGLUTINATION
INSTEAD WITH THE USE OF TUBES OR SLIDES, MICROPLATES ARE USED IN THIS METHOD	MICROPLATE AGGLUTINATION REACTION
A COMPACT PLATE OF PLASTIC WITH SMALL U-SHAPED VESSEL OR WELL. EASIER TO PERFORM AND LIGHTLY SAFER DUE TO USE OF VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF SAMPLES.	MICROPLATE AGGLUTINATION REACTION
CONS: TAKES A LONGER TIME WHEN USED FOR DETECTION OF CERTAIN DISEASES.	MICROPLATE AGGLUTINATION REACTION