| Is a lateral outgrowth of a stem arising at a node at usually posses a bud at the axil. | Leaves |
| Leaves may vary in sizes | .. |
| What leaves exist in Non-flowering vascular plants? | 1 Fronds
2 Needles |
| What are the primary roles of Leaves? | 1 Collect sunlight
2 Make food through photosynthesis |
| Leaves that are usually found in pine trees | Needles |
| Leaves that are usually found in ferns (Edible and flower arrangement) | Fronds |
| Primary parts of leaves | 1 Blade
2 Petiole
3 Stipules
4 Cuticles |
| Bud usually appears in what part? | Between the petiole and stem |
| Yellow pigment present in guard cells absorbs what? | Blue light coming from the sun |
| Stomatal opening (STEP-BY-STEP) | 1 Yellow pigment in the guard cells absorb blue light from the sun which will activate proton pumps
2 Protons get out of the guard cells creating a proton gradient
3 Potassium and Chloride ions from outside will enter the guard cells through facilitated diffusion, (guard cells will become hypertonic) and trigger water movement inside the guard cells
4 Chloride ions also enters guard cells through ion channels (facilitated diffusion)
5 Stomata opens because of water which will increase turgor pressure |
| In the activation of proton pump, what will happen? | It will produce hydrogen ions that will go out from the guard cells using active transport |
| Once hydrogen ions are release from the guard cells, what will happen? | It will create a proton gradient, and potassium and chloride ions will enter the guard cells |
| Once Potassium and Chloride ions from outside will enter the guard cells, what will happen? | The guard cell will have a hypertonic solution because of the accumulation of ions.
This will trigger movement water to the guard cells through osmosis |
| The movement of Potassium and Chloride ions to the guard cells is facilitated by what transport system? | Facilitated Diffusion |
| This is the reaction between carbon dioxide and water with the use of light energy and some enzymes to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. | Photosynthesis |
| Photosynthesis Conditions: | 1 Carbon Dioxide in the air should be 0.03-0.04% (0.9% in the leaves)
2 1% of water is converted
3 Temperature is between 5-43 degree celsius
4 Light should be 4000-8000A are absorbed (blue and red light) |
| Carbon dioxide will reach the interior of the leaf and enter through stomata and then dissolve in water inside the mesophyll.
The more carbon dioxide concentration, the faster the rate of photosynthesis | .. |
| The plant needs atleast how many percent of carbon dioxide? | 0.9% of CO2 |
| When blue and red light is absorbed, it will be reflected back as what color? | Yellow and Green color |
| 3% or less of light is used for photosynthesis
97% is reflected as the color of the leaves | .. |
| If light energy is beyond 10,000-12,000A, what will happen to plants? | It will inhibit the process of photosynthesis because of Over-illumination |
| The primary site of photosynthesis | Chloroplasts |
| Chloroplasts parts | 1 Stroma
2 Thylakoid
3 Inner membrane
4 Outer membrane |
| A fluid filled spaced inside the chloroplast | Stroma |
| Structures that are usually stacked together | Thylakoid |
| 2 stages of Photosynthesis | 1 Light dependent reaction (Thylakoid Region)
2 Calvin Cycle / Carbon Fixation Cycle (Stroma Region) |
| IN THYLAKOID REGION.
CONVERTS LIGHT ENERGY TO CHEMICAL ENERGY. THE FINAL PRODUCT IS ATP AND NADPH.
OXYGEN IS ALSO PRODUCED AS A BYPRODUCT IN THE LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION. THESE ENERGY WILL BE NEEDED FOR THE NEXT CYCLE. | Light Dependent Reaction |
| What are the products needed for the calvin cycle? | 1 ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
2 NADPH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) |
| STROMA REGION.
CARBON DIOXIDE IS USED.
THE FINAL PRODUCT IS GLYCERALDEHIDE 3-POSPHATE. (G3P)
G3P IS THE PRODUCT NEEDED TO MAKE CARBOHYDRATE. | Calvin Cycle |
| Light Dependent Reaction contains what parts? | 1 Photosystem II
2 Photosystem I
3 ATP Synthase |
| Inside thylakoid region you can find what? | Several electrons which is produced by splitting of H2O (PHOTOLYSIS) |
| Responsible in absorbing photons of light, located in Photosystem I and II | Chlorophyll |
| PHOTOSYSTEM II (STEP-BY-STEP)(FIRST STEP) | 1 The light energy will be converted to a Higher State Energy in the Chlorophyll.
2 Electrons that are outside the Thylakoids are in lower state energy but once the electrons enter the Photosystem II, they will be energized to become Higher State Energy.
3 After, the electrons will be transferred to the Electron Tansport Chain (ETC). In the process, the electrons will lose energy and then converted back to Lower State Energy.
4 This loss will trigger the process of Photolysis. Some energy will create a concentration gradient and release hydrogen ions.
5 Hydrogen Ions will be used to pump the ATP Synthase to convert ADP to ATP |
| PHOTOSYSTEM I (STEP-BY-STEP) (SECOND STEP) | Same Process with PHOTOSYSTEM II but it will be used to convert NADP to NADPH |
| What is the End product of Light dependent reaction? | 1 ATP
2 NADPH
3 Oxygen (Byproduct) |
| CALVIN CYCLE (STEP-BY-STEP) (THIRD STEP AFTER LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION) | -Carbon Fixation-
1) Carbon Dioxide attaches to RuBP. As a result, it will produce 6 Carbon Atoms. These atoms will be split into two, 3 Carbon Atoms each called PGA. (2 PGAs) (6 cycles produces 12 PGA)
In the complete(6) cycle, it will be 6 carbon dioxide and 6 RuBP, which will produce 12 molecules of PGA
-Carbon Reduction-
2) Since there are 12 molecules of PGA, it use 12 molecules of ATP and NADPH. In total, it will produce 12 molecules G3P
3) 10 molecules of G3P is used to generate 6 molecules of RuBP
4) The remaining 2 molecules are used to produce Glucose or Fatty Acids or Glycerol
-Regeneration of RuBP-
5) Since there are 6 molecules RuBPs, it will use 6 molecules of ATP |
| Calvin Cycle Stages | 1 Carbon Fixation
2 Carbon Reduction
3 Regeneration of RuBP |
| What is the primary material in Calvin Cycle / Carbon Fixation Cycle? | Carbon Dioxide |
| For the leaves to produce 1 molecule of glucose, | Need 2 molecule of G3P |
| What are the intermediate reactants of Calvin Cycle? | 1 RuBP
2 Carbon Dioxide |
| How many runs does the Calvin Cycle need to produce glucose? | 6 times |
| In the 6 Calvin Cycles you need | 1 6 molecules of Carbon Dioxide
2 6 molecules of RuBP |
| What phase in Calvin Cycle where we use ATP and NADPH? | Carbon Reduction or Phase 2 |
| In the 6 Calvin Cycles you will produce | 12 molecules of G3P |
| For 10 molecules of G3P, it can what? | Produce 6 molecules of RuBP |
| Production of Molecules at the end of the Calvin Cycle | 1 6 molecules of Carbon Dioxide
2 6 molecules of RuBP
3 18 ATP
4 12 NADPH
5 12 G3P |
