| in addition to producing bile the livers major function includes | managing coagulation of blood |
| GERD nursing interventions | avoid evening snacking, and do not eat for 2-3 hours before bedtime; remain upright for 1-2 hrs AC when possible, & never eat in bed |
| define melena | stool that is black and tarry with undigested blood |
| define hematemesis | vomiting of blood that appears either bright red or has a "coffee grounds" appearance; resulting from the action of the gastric acid on hemoglobin |
| if a pt has a peptic ulcer and on a histamine blocker what does it do | decrease acid secretions by blocking histamines (H2) receptors ( cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, & nizatidine);don't give within 2 hrs of antacids |
| a pt who has hypovolemia may show s/s such as | tachycardia, postural hypotension, urinary output, low fluid and electrolyte imbalance |
| a pt who has ulcerative colitis may show s/s such as what | severe diarrhea, losses and sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and calcium ions may occur |
| if a pt has severe ulcerative colitis they may have | 15-20 liquid stools per day, containing blood, pus, and mucus |
| where does crowns disease usually occur | anywhere in the GI tract from the mouth to the anus but occurs most commonly in the terminal ileum and proximal colon |
| a pt that has celiac disease should follow what kind of diet | gluten free; wheat, barley, rye, grains, cereal, pasta and many processed foods, |
| what foods are a good replacement for celiac disease | potato, rice, soy, amaranth, quinoa, buckwheat, and bean flour prevent the autoimmune response |
| define ascites | an accumulation of fluid and albumin in the peritoneal cavity |
| what should you suggest to a pt that has dumping syndrome | eating 6 small meals daily that are high in protein, fat & low in carbs; eat slowly; and avoiding fluids during meals |
| when is a hernia strangulated | when it occludes blood supply and intestinal flow; to prevent anaerobic infection in the area, immediate surgical intervention is performed |
| lethal complication of a peptic ulcer may be what | perforation; when the ulcer crater penetrates the entire thickness of the wall of the stomach or duodenum |
| what is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the US | pancreatic cancer; a major factor is the difficulty in diagnosing it at an early, curable stage |
| what is the procedure used to remove a gallbladder | laparoscopic cholecystectomy & open abdominal cholecystectomy are the two most common |
| what reasons would we give a pt an NG tube | Decompression, feeding, compression, lavage |
| a pt that has crohn's disease urinary output should be | at least 1500mL |
| what are the three major parts of the small intestine | duodenum, ileum, jejunum |
| where does 90% of digestion take place | small intestine |
| what is the function of the appendix | an area where non pathologic bacteria live safely until they are needed for digestion also; house immune system cells and tissue |
| what vitamins do the large intestine produce | k and b7 |
| define hypothalamus | a portion of the brain, contains two appetite centers that affect eating; one center simulates the individual to eat, the other signals the individual to stop eating |
| in addition to the hypothalamus what other factors affect food intake | lifestyle, culture, eating habits, emotions, and genetics |
| what is important to tell a ppm when collecting a stool culture | be sure that urine is not mixed with the feces in the sample |
| when a pt is suspected of having a parasitic infection, the stool is examined for O&P usually at | least three stool specimens are collected on consecutive days;culture results are not ready for several days & don't influence treatment but do guide subsequent treatment if bacterial infection is present |
| dental decay is a result from | the action of bacteria and carbohydrates in the mouth, which in turn produces acids that dissolve tooth enamel |
| cancer of the __ occurs most frequently as a __ ___ of the lower __ in men over the age of 50 | lip, chronic ulcer, lip |
| post of nursing interventions for a pt who had esophageal surgery | promote good pulmonary ventilation, maintain chest drainage system as prescribed, maintain gastric drainage system, maintain nutrition |
| what is the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease | presence of H. pylori bacteria in the stomach, regularly taking NSAIDs, smoking or chewing tobacco, and excessive alcohol intake |
| why would you not Gove a to who has E. coli antibiotics | long-term antibiotic therapy can destroy the normal flora, resulting in pathogenic microorganisms entering the intestines |
| what can happen if you give a pt with E. coli antidiarrheals | prevent the intestines from getting rid of the pathogen |
| what are the risk factors for liver cancer | cirrhosis of the liver and infections with hepatitis C or B |
| what is the most common type of liver cancer | hepatocellular carcinoma; other primary tumors are cholangiomas or biliary duct carcinomas |
| the __, ___, ___, ___, and ___ are common primary sites of cancer that metastasizes to the liver | pancreas, colon, stomach, breast, lung |
| a pt with cirrhosis is thought to result from a damaged liver being unable to metabolize substance that | can be toxic to the brain, such as ammonia |
| what are some psychological risk factors for IBS | anxiety disorder, depression, and forms of abuse, including physical, social, and sexual abuse |
| what could you tell a pt to reduce the risk of diverticulitis | diet high in fiber, mainly from fresh fruits and vegetables, and decreased intake of fat and red meat are recommended as well as physical activity |
| stool specimen that need to be examined for ova and parasites | its usually three stool specimens are collected on consecutive days |
| how often would you give a sigmoidoscopy | every five years |
| what is something you would tell a pt who just had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy | don't remove the bandage the first forty-eight hours |
| what does lactulose do if a pt has chirrosis | decrease the bowel's ph from 7to 5 thus decreasing the production of ammonia by bacteria within the bowel |
