| Aside from cardiovascular, circulatory system also include what? | Lymphatic system (lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen) |
| Aside from cardiovascular, circulatory system also include what? | Lymphatic system (lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen) |
| Inflammation of Endocardium | Endocarditis |
| Inflammation of Myocarditis | Myocardium |
| Inflammation of Pericardium | Pericarditis |
| Does bacteria fight with blood? | No, because there's a lot of WBC in the bloodstream |
| Bacteria present in blood, called? | Bacteremia |
| Aside from cardiovascular, circulatory system also include what? | Lymphatic system (lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen) |
| What instances does bacteria fights with blood? | If there is an open wound |
| What is septicemia? | an overwhelm body defenses |
| Is bacteremia and septicemia the same? | yes, but not in all instance. |
| What kind of instance does bacteremia and septicemia is different from each other? | When our body is immunocompromised (aids, hiv), because the bacteria present in the blood overwhelm body defenses cause our immune system is weak that's why our body can't fight and the bacteria starts to divide. |
| Inflammation of lymph nodes? | lymphadenitis |
| what is lymphadenopathy? | a disease in lymph nodes |
| Inflammation of lymphatic vessels | Lymphangitis |
| What causes Rickettsial and ehrlichial? | a tick, louse (kuto) |
| What kind of nature is rickettsial and ehrlichial? | zoonotic in nature (which means it came from animals and passed to humans) |
| Where does spotted fever rickettsiosis came from? | Woodtick |
| Spotted fever rickettsiosis is formerly known as? | Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMFS) |
| Person with Rocky Mountain spotted fever experience? | - moderate to high fever
- extreme exhaustion (prostation)
- muscle pain
- sever headache
- chills
-conjunctival infection
-maculopapular rash on extremities (palms, soles, and much body) on about third day.
- In about 4 days, small purplish areas (petechiae) develop as a result of bleeding in the skin |
| Is Spotted fever rickettsiosis or RMSF is fatal? | Yes, but is uncommon. |
| What country does Rocky Mountain spotted fever occur? | US especially the atlantic seaboard. |
| What kind of patient care is suitable for Rocky Mountain spotted fever? | standard precautions for hospitalized patients |
| What is the causitive agent for SFR or RMSF? | Rickettsia rickettsil |
| what kind of pathogen is rickettsia rickettsil? | - Gram negative
- obligate intracellular pathogen |
| Is Rickettsia rickettsil invade the cell? and why? | Yes, because they need to live inside the cell to multiply or propogate. |
| What kind of cell does rickettsia rickettsil invade? | endothelial cells (cells that line blood vessels) |
| How to diagnose Ricketssia Rickettsil? | - through Cells
- Immunodiagnostic procedures. |
| Reservoirs and Mode of transmission of Rickettsia Rickettsil? | Reservoirs: ticks on dogs, rodents and other animals.
Transmission: Bite of infected tick. person to person transmission rarely occurs through blood transfusion. |
| What is endemic typhus fever? | Acute febrile disease that is similar but milder than epidemic typhus. |
| Symptons include in Endemic Typhus fever? | Shaking chills
headache
fever
faint
pink rash |
| What is the other term for Endemic Typhus fever? | Murine typhus fever and flea-borne typhus |
| is endemic typhus fever have case here in the pH? | Yes, especially in province and farmers |
| what is the etiologic agent of endemic typhus? | Rickettsia typhi |
| What kind of bacteria is Rickettsia typhi? | - Gram negative bacterium
-obligate intracellular pathogen |
| Reservoirs and Mode of Transmission of Rickettsia Typhi? | Reservoirs: Rats, mice, possibly other mammals, and infected rat fleas.
Transmission: occurs from rat to flea to human. (infected fleas defecate while feeding) |
| What kind of instances does Rickettsia typhi transmit from human? | through bite wound or other superficial abrasions. |
| Does rickettsia typhi can transmit from person to person? | No. |
| How to diagnose Rickettsia Typhi? | It can be culture by using cell.
-Immunodiagnotic procedure to try find the antigens and antibodies within the patients sample to look for the present of Rickettsia Typhi to confirm the presence of type of species |
| what is Epidemic Typhus Fever? | is also known as Louse born typhus is an acute rickettsial disease |
| Patient with Epidemic Typhus fever experienced? | sudden onset of headache, chills, prostration, fever, and general pains.
Rash appears on the fifth or sixth day, initally on the upper trunk, followed by spred to the entire body but usually not to the face, palms, or soles/ |
| Is epidemic typhus fever fatal? | Yes if it is not treated. |
| where does epidemic typhus fever or louse-borne typhus occurs? | in areas where people live under unhygienic conditions and are louse infested. |
| In world war I, the body lice that transmitted epidemic typhus fever were referred to as what by the soldiers? | Cooties |
| What is the etiologic agent of epidemic typhus? | Rickettsia prowazekki |
| what kind of bacteria is rickettsia prowazekki? | a gram negative bacterium and obligate intracellular pathogen. |
| Reservoirs and Mode of Transmission of Epidemic Typhus Fever? | Reservoirs: Infected humans and body lice (Pediculus humanus)
Transmission: Human to louse to human through bite wound or other superficial abrasions. |
| How to diagnose Epidemic Typhus Fever? | - Cell can be culture.
- Immunodiagnostic procedures. |
| what is Ehrlichiosis? | Acute, febrile illness ranging from asymptomatic to mild to sever and life threatening conditions? |
| Symptoms associated with ehrlichiosis? | Acute influenza like illnes with fever, headache and generalized malaise. |
| ehrlichiosis is reminiscent of what infection? | Spotted fever rickettsiosis but without a rash. |
| What is the estimated fatality rate of ehrlichiosis? | Fatality rate is at 5% |
| What are the two types of ehrlichiosis? | Human monocytic ehrlichiosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. |
| What is more common type of ehrlichiosis, HME or HGA? | HGA are more common than HME. |
| Where does HGA more occurs? | In southeast and mid- atlantic states |
| Where does HME more occurs? | In states with high rates of lyme disease particulary connecticut, minnesota, New york and wisconsin. |
| What kind of tick is similar with HGA? | a tick that transmit BORRELIA BURGDORFERI. |
| What is the etiologic agent of lyme disease and babesia? | Borrelia burgdorferi. |
| What kind of infection is borrelia burgdorferi? | Bacteria infection |
| What kind of infection is Babesia? | Parasitic Infection. |
| what is the causitive agent of ehrlichiosis? | Ehrlichia chaffeensis causing HME and Anaplasma phagocytophilum causing HGA. |
| what kind of canine species does caused a small number of human cases? | Ehrlichia ewingii. |
| Reservoirs and Mode of Transmission of Ehrlichiosis? | Reservoirs: unknown
Transmission: tick bite
The two different types of ehrlichiosis seem to be different types of species. |
| What is Brucellosis? | Disease of the reticuloendothelial system. It have a prolonged incubation period. |
| symptoms that occurs in brucellosis? | Non specific complaints.
- fever
- sweats
- arthralgias
-myalgia
- fatigue
-loss of appetite
-weight loss
-hepatomegaly
-splenomegaly |
| what are the different species of brucella that are commonly involved in human infections? | Brucella melitensis, Brucella albortus, Brucella auis, brucella spp. |
| what kind of bacteria is brucella? | Gram negatice coccobacilli. |
| Reservoirs and mode of transmission of brucellosis | Reservoirs: zoonotic disease (can be found on animals)
Mode of Transmission: Consumption of contaminated food like goat milk cheese, direct contact ith infected animals (goats, cattle or sheep) |
| How to diagnose Brucella? | It is recovered most often in blood or bone marrow cultures, becauwse brucella spp are considered potential agents of bioterrorism, full identification should be performed at public health lab using MOLECULAR baswed methods. SEROLOGIC methods can also aid in the diagnosis. |
| What is Lyme Disease? | also known as lyme borrelosis is a tick borne disease |
| 3 stages of lyme disease | 1: early - distinctivem target liked, reds skin lesions usually at the site of the tick bite, expanding to 15cm in diameter.
2: it include fatigue, chills, fever, headache, stiffneck, muscle pain, joint aches with or without lymphadenopathy
3: neurologic abnormalties (aseptic meningitis, facial paralysis, myelitis, and encephalitis)) and cardiac abnormalities (arrhytmia and pericarditis)) sseveral weeks poor or months after the intial symptoms appear. |
| Where does lyme disease get its name? | From Us, Lyme connecticut. |
| What is the most common arthropod-born disease in the united states? | Lyme disease. |
| Where does lyme disease usually occur? | North east and upper midwest. |
| What is the etiologic agent of lyme disease? | Borrelia burgdorferi. |
| what kind of bacteria is borrelia burgdorferi? | Lossely coiled Gram negative spirochete. |
| Reservoirs and Mode of transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi? | Reservoirs: ticks, rodents (especially deer mice), and mammals (especially deer)
Transmission: Occurs via tick bite, Person 2 person transmission does not occur |
| how to diagnose borrelia burgdorferi? | By observation of the characteristics target like skin lesions, plus immunodiagniostic and molecular diagnostic procuders. |
| Borrelia burgdorferi can be grown on a what? | Special medium (barbour-stoenner-kelley) medium at 33 Celcius although yield from patient specimen is not high |
| What is spirochete? | spring like |
| What is plague? | an acute, often sever zoonosis. |
| What are the symptoms occurs in Plague? | fever, chills, malaise, myalgia, nausea, prostration, sore throat and headache. |
| What is bubonic plague? | swollen, inflamed, and tender lymph nodes (buboes) that develop. |
| how many percent does inguinal (groin are) lymph nodes are involved in bulbonic plague? | 90% |
| Pnuemonic plague is? | highly communicable. involves the lungs. It can result outbreaks or devastating epidemics. |
| Septicemic plague is? | may lead to spetic shock, meningitis and death |
| What is the etiologic agent of plague? | Yersinia pestis. |
| What kind of bacteria is yersinia pestis? | non-motile, bipolar-staining, gram negative coccobacillus |
| Yersinia pestis is also called? | plague baccilus |
| Reservoirs and mode of transmission of Yersinia pestis. | Reservoirs: Rodents (especially ground squirrels in the US), fleas, rarely rabbits, wild carnivores, and domestic cats.
MOT: flea bite (from rodent to flea to human), handling tissues of infected rodents, rabbits, and other animals, droplet transmissions from person to person (pneumonic plague) |
| How to diagnose Yersinia pestis? | By observation of the typical appearnce of Yersinia Pestis, (bipolar-staining bacilli that resemble safety pins) in gram stained or wwright gernsa-stained sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, or material aspirated from a bubo.
Diagnosis can also be made by culture.
Molecular based methods. |
| Is Yersinis Pestis a potential agent for bioterrorism and should be performed by public health laboratories using molecular based methods | Yes. |
| What is tularemia? | rabbit fever, zoonoic in nature, with variety of clinical manifestations, depending on the portal entry of pathogen into the body. |
| Where does tularemia mostly present? | in skin ulcer and regional lymphadenitis. |
| What is the result of ingestion of tularemia? | pharyngitis, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. |
| What is the result of inhalation of tularemia? | Pneumonia and septicemia. |
| Fatality rate of tularemia | 30-60% fatality rate. |
| Etiologic agent of tularemia? | Francisella tularensis |
| What kind of bacteria is franciscella tularensis? | A pleomorphic gram negative coccobacillus, some strains are more virulent than others. |
| Reservoirs and MOT of tularemia? | Reservoirs: Wild animals (especiallyh in rabbits, muskrats, beavers. and some domestic animals and hard ticks.
MOT: tick bite, ingestion of contaminated meat or drinking water, entry of organism into a wound while skinning infected animals, inhalation of dust, or animal bites. Person to person does not occur. |
| How to diagnose francisella tularensis? | By culture and Molecular based methods because it is a potential agent of bioterrorism so full identification should be performed by public health lab. |
| What is HIV and AIDS? | human immunodeficiency virus, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. |
| Signs and symptoms of HIV and AIDS | signs and symptoms will not occur immediately it will take several weeks or months. It present as self limited monocleosis illness lasting 1-2 weeks. |
| why does acute HIV is undiagnosed or misdiagnosed only? | because anti-HIV antibodies are usually not present in a high enough concentration to be detected during the early phase of infection. |
| what are the other signs and symptoms of HIV infection and Aids? | fever, rash, headache, lymphadenopathy, pharyngititis, myalgia (muscle pain), arthralgia (joint pain), aseptic meningitis, retro-orbital pain, weight-loss, depression, GI distress, night sweats, oral or genital ulcers. |
| What happens if a patient with HIV didn't take anti-HIV treatment? | It will develop AIDS. |
| What is AIDS? | Aids is a severe, life-threatening syndrome that represents the late clinical stage infection with HIV. |
| Invasion and destruction of helper T-cell will result to? | suppresion of the patient immune system. |
| What are the secondary infection of AIDS that can cause death? | Protozoa (cyptosporidium, toxoplasma)
Viruses ( cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex)
Bacteria (mycobacteria)
fungi (candida, cryptococcus, and pneumocytisis) |
| Why person with Aids die? | because of the overwhelming infections caused by variety of pathogens, often opportunistic pathogens. |
| What is Kaposi Sarcoma? | rare type of cancer, as a frequent complication of AIDS, thought to be caused by a type of herpes virus called HUMAN HERPEVIRUS. |
| Human herpevirus is considered to be? | Universally fatal disease. |
| What kind of drug that can extend the life of HIV-positive patients? | Cocktails, a certain combination of drugs |
| Is there a treatment for AIDS? | None, that's why the fatality rate is very high approaching 100%. |
| Causative agent of AIDS? | Type 1 HIV - most common type
Type 2 HIV - single stranded RNA viruses in the family Retroviridae (retroviruses) |
| Reservoirs and MOT of HIV and AIDS. | Reservoirs: Infected Humans
MOT: sexual contact, contaminated needles and syringes by IV drug abusers, transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products, transplacental transfer from mother to child, breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers, needlestick, scalpel, broken glass injuries.
There is no evidence of biting insects. |
| Where does HIV-1 first invade? | Dendritic Cells in the genital and oral mucosa then fuse to CO4+ lymphocytes (helper T-cells) and spread to deeper tissues. |
| How to diagnose HIV and Aids? | Immunodiagnostic procedures - detection of antigen and antibodies.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - most commonly used screening test
To confirm positive screening, Western biot analysis is performed.
Antigen detection procedures - detects P24
Molecular Diagnostic procedures (Quantitative assessment of viral RNA or Viral load) - is used to monitor the effectivness of anitvital theraphy. |
| How many months does an HIV-positive patient develop detectables antibodies? | 1-3 months. |
| In the PH, what year does first HIV occurs? | 1984 |
| What is infectious mononucleosis? | also called "mono" or "the kissing disease" an acute viral disease that may be asymptomatic. |
| Infectious mononucleosis may be characterized by? | fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy (especially posterior cervical lymp nodes), splenomegaly (englared spleen) and fatigue. |
| Infectious mononucleosis is usually a self-limited disease of 1 to several weeks duration? | Yes. |
| Is mononucleosis is fatal? | It can be fatal if the person infected is immunocompromised. |
| Etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis is? | Epstein-barr virus (EBV). |
| Epstein-barr virus is also known as? | Human herpes virus 4 |
| What kind of Virus is epstein barr virus? | DNA virus in the family herpesviridae. |
| What does EBV do in B cells? | It transforms and infect the B-cells, and infects other types of cells. |
| EBV is also known to be? | oncogenic (cancer causing) or being associated with lymphomas (hodgkin disease, burkitt lymphomas, carcinomas (nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, sarcomas, among other cancers.) |
| Reservoirs and MOT of EBV? | Reservoirs: Infected Human
Transmission: person from person to person by direct contact of saliva, transmitted via blood transfusion. |
| How to diagnose EBV? | Specific diagnosis: Detection of antibodies - because person with EBV has a high peripheral lymphocyte count, including lymphocyte forms and abnormalities in liver function tests.
Molecular diagnostic procedures: available
EBV can be cultured from BUFFY COAT - the layeer of white blood cells that appears in centrifuged blood.
immunodiagnostic procedure: detection of antibodies n antigen. |
| What is mumps? | (beke) acute viral infection. |
| Signs and symptoms of mumps? | Fever, swelling and tenderness of salivary glands |
| Complications of mumps include? | orchitis - inflammation of testes
oophoritis - inflammation of ovaries
meningitis
encephalitis
deafness
pancreatisis
arthrisis
mastisis
nephritis
thyroiditis
pericarditis |
| What cause mumps? | Mumps virus, an RNA virus in the genus Rubulaviruis, family Paramyxoviridae. |
| Reservoirs and MOT of mumps | Reservoirs: Infected humans
Transmission: droplet spread and direct contact with the saliva of an infected persom. |
| how to diagnose mumps? | immunodiagnostic procedures
molecular diagnostic procedures
cell culture |
| what is Viral hemorrhagic diseases | extremely serious, acute viral illnesses. |
| What is the initial symptoms of Viral hemorrhagic disease? | onset fever, malaise (discomfort and feeling "out of sorts", myalgia, and head ache followed by pharyngitis, vomiting, diarrhea, rash and internal hemorrhaging. |
| Case fatality for Marburg virus infection and ebola virus? | 25% and 50-90% |
| All known cases of Marburg and Ebola occured in or could be traced in what country? | Africa. |
| Viral hemorrhagic fevers are caused by what virus? | It cause by many viruses, including dengue, yellow fever virus, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, lassa virus, ebola virus, and marburg virus. |
| What kind of virus is ebola and marburg? | they are filamentous viruses in the family Filoviridae. Both are extremely large viruses. |
| What is the size of ebola virus? | 80mm in width and up to 1mm orr longer in length |
| What is the size of marburg virus? | 80mm in width and 790 mm in length. |
| Reservoirs and MOT of Viral Hemorrhagic fevers? | Reservoirs: Infected humans, infected african green monkeys for marburg virus
Transmissions: person to person contact via direct contact with infected blood, secretions, internal organs, or semen or by needlestick. |
| The risk of transmission of viral hemorrhagic is highest when the patient experience? | vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhaging. |
| What is Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever? | a tickborne disease, dengue fever and yellow fever are mosquito borne disease transmitted primarily by mosquitos in the genus aedes. |
| how to diagnose viral hemorrhagic fevers? | immunodiagnostic procedure
molecular procedures
cell culture
electron microscopy |
| What does viral hemorrhagic fevers represents? | an extreme biohazard and should be conducted only in BSL-4 containment facilities |
