| what does the shape of proteins depend on? | the sequence of amino acids that make them up |
| what are the 5 types of proteins? | structural
hormonal
antibodies
receptors
enzymes |
| what is the function of structural proteins? | used to give support to celular structures |
| what is the function of hormonal proteins? | chemical messengers that carry specific messages through the bloodstream |
| what is the function of antibody proteins? | defend against pathogens (organisms that cause disease) like bacteria and viruses |
| what is the function of receptor proteins? | allows cells to recognise specific substances |
| what is an enzyme? | a biological catalyst which speeds up chemical reactions and is unchanged in the process |
| why do we set up control experiments? | to ensure any change in results are due to the variable that is altered |
| what is the molecule on which the enzyme works called? | the substrate |
| where does the substrate join on the surface of the enzyme? | the active site |
| what happens at the end of an enzyme reaction? | products are formed |
| what type of molecule is formed when the enzyme and substrate bond? | enzyme-substrate complex |
| what are the two types of enzyme reactions? | degradation
synthesis |
| what happens in a synthesis reaction? | small simple molecules are built up into complex ones |
| what happens in a degradation reaction? | large complex molecules are broken down into smaller simple ones |
| when is an enzyme most active? | in its optimum conditions |
| what to things can enzymes be affected by? | temperature and pH |
| what happens when an enzymes temperature goes over its optimum? | it becomes denatured |
| what happens when an enzymes temperature goes below its optimum? | enzyme + substrate move more slowly
enzyme is less active |
| what happens when an enzyme pH goes above it's optimum? | the enzyme is denatured |
| what happens when an enzymes pH goes below its optimum? | the enzyme is denatured |
| what is the general word equation for an enzyme mediated reaction? | ... |
| give an example of a synthesis reaction | the speeding up of the buildup of glucose-1-phosphate into the product starch by the enzyme phosphorylase |
| give an example of a degradation reaction | the speeding up of the breakdown of starch into maltose through the enzyme amylase |
