| What is the problem with battery farming? | increases the risk of disease, creates a lower quality product and is an ethical concern |
| What is the problem with battery farming? | increases the risk of disease, creates a lower quality product and is an ethical concern |
| What happens if the first line of defence fails? | The second line of defence starts working |
| What happens if the first line of defence fails? | The second line of defence starts working |
| What is the issue with Fermi's Paradox | why haven't we found life and why hasn't it found us |
| What does MRS GREEN stand for? | movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, evolve and nutrition |
| What are some things required in a habitable zone? | gravity, oxygen, protection from harmful radiation, water, an energy source, suitable temperature |
| What are some features of Mars? | desert-like, 40% gravity, 95% carbon dioxide and has an average temperature of -60° |
| Why is it unlikely that there is life on the surface of Mars? | it has a very thin atmosphere and a low temperature |
| Where in Mars could life be possible? | There might be life under the crust where there may be liquid water |
| What are extremophiles? | Organisms that live in extreme conditions |
| What is an example of an extremophile? | Tubeworms - these live 2500m underwater and get their energy from hydrothermal vents |
| What is the remote helicopter on Mars called? | Ingenuity |
| What are the five kingdoms of organisms? | plant, animal, fungi, monera (bacteria), protista (algae and protozoa) |
| What is fungi useful for? | Fungi is useful to to make antibiotics and make bread dough rise |
| How can fungi be harmful? | It can be poisonous and can cause things like athletes foot |
| What is bacteria necessary for? | Bacteria are necessary for our digestive system |
| How can bacteria be harmful? | It causes diseases like tetanus |
| What is the only cell type with a vacuole? | Protozoan |
| What does bacteria not have? | Bacterium has no nucleus or vacuole |
| What does fungus not have? | Fungus has no vacuole and no chloroplast |
| What is the independent variable? | the difference between the sides |
| What is the dependent variable? | what you are measuring |
| What are the variables that remain constant? | the things that stay the same |
| How are viruses helpful? | they are useful for vaccines |
| How are viruses harmful? | they cause things like covid and the flu |
| How are protozoa helpful? | break down sewage to make water safe to put into the environment |
| How is protozoa harmful? | it causes diseases like malaria |
| How is algae harmful? | releases toxins into lochs and the sea making it harmful for fish to eat |
| Where is the most bacteria found? | most bacteria is on surfaces that are touched often but not cleaned regularly |
| Why is there more bacteria on clean hands than dirty hands? | on clean hands, you have all the bacteria that stays between your fingerprints wherever you go but on dirty hands, you only have bacteria from the things you have touched |
| What is the pressure cooker that is used to destroy harmful bacteria called? | Autoclave |
| What temperature does an autoclave reach? | 126° |
| What are some rules for doing microbiological work? | no food or drink, keep petri dishes closed, run autoclave at the correct temperature, dispose of waste properly, mop up spills immediately |
| What is the type of growth that shows rapid increase? | exponential growth |
| Where is E. coli found? | intestines of animals |
| What are common symptoms of E. coli? | stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea |
| What can happen to E. coli during the butchering process? | E. coli gets from the animals stomach to the surface of the meat |
| What can happen to E. coli if meat is minced? | E.coli can get transferred throughout the meat |
| What is the best way to kill E.coli? | high temperatures |
| What things can lead to an outbreak of E.coli? | inadequate training, failure to use temp probes, not having a cleaning schedule, not separating raw and cooked meat, not using separate equipment for different processes |
| Why are temperature probes so important? | to check the meat has reached a temperature high enough to kill bacteria throughout the meat |
| Why is it important to use different knives? | to avoid contamination |
| Why did operating theatres used to be far away from the wards? | so that other patients couldn't hear the screaming |
| Why did operations used to be so quick? | so the patient was in pain for a shorter period of time |
| Why would surgeons wear aprons? | to protect themselves blood |
| When would surgeons wash their hands? | after the surgery |
| What percentage of patients used to die from infection? | 25% |
| What is an example of antiseptics? | Phenol/carbolic acid |
| Where did Lister spray antiseptic? | in the air |
| Why are disinfectants used? | to reduce the number of microbes on non-living things |
| What is used to kill microbes on living tissue? | antiseptics |
| What forms a disinfectant when added to water? | chlorine |
| Why is chlorine used in swimming pools? | to kill microbes |
| What is an antibiotic? | a chemical that kills or stops the growth of bacteria |
| What are antibiotics made from? | fungi |
| What was the first antibiotic? | penicilin |
| Who discovered antibiotics? | Alexander Fleming |
| What effect does antibiotics have on have on viruses? | no effect |
| When was penicillin discovered? | 1928 |
| How did Fleming discover antibiotics? | Fleming was growing bacteria on a petri dish. When he returned from a holiday, he noticed some of the bacteria had died. He realised this was because it had been contaminated by a fungi now known as penicillin. |
| What is the name of the jelly in petri dishes? | nutrient agar |
| Why do we need different antibiotics? | some people are allergic to certain antibiotics and some bacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics |
| What is the circular disc used to test antibiotics called? | multidisc |
| How does a multidisc work? | Around the circle there are samples of different antibiotics, if bacteria doesn't grow next to a particular antibiotic, we know it will kill the bacteria |
| Coughing, scabs, vomiting, sneezing and earwax are all what? | part of the first line of defence |
| What happens when you swallow microbes? | they get killed by stomach acid |
| What happens is microbes end up in your lungs? | You cough them up in mucus and then swallow them when they will be killed by hydrochloric acid |
| What happens if the first line of defence fails? | The second line of defence starts working |
| What is the name of a micro-organisms that causes disease? | Pathogens |
| What is a phagocyte? | a white blood cell that eats pathogens |
| What is a lymphocyte? | white blood cells that produce antibodies |
| What is an antigen? | molecules on the surface of a pathogen that the immune system recognizes |
| What are antibodies? | y-shaped chemicals that stick to pathogens that stops them from working and causes them to clump together |
| Why can you only get chiken pox once? | your body keeps the antibodies so it is able to fight off the chickenpox pathogens before they effect you |
| What did Edward Jenner discover? | vaccination |
| How did Jenner invent vaccination? | He noticed that milkmaids never got smallpox. This was because all of them had already had cowpox and therefore had the antibodies to fight it off |
| Why do cowpox antibodies work on smallpox? | they are almost identical |
| What is biology? | the study of living organisms, their interaction with each other and with their environment |
| What is biosphere? | the zone of the Earth inhabited by living things |
| What is a habitat? | the place where an organism live |
| What is community? | all of the organisms in 1 habitat |
| What is population? | all of the organisms of one type |
| What is an organism? | a living thing |
| What is an ecosystem? | the habitat, animals and plants |
| What is biodiversity? | the number of different species present in a particular area |
| What does a high biodiversity show? | a healthier ecosystem |
| What is a vertebrate? | animals with a backbone |
| What is an animal without a backbone? | Invertebrates |
| What are some types of vertebrates? | mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians |
| What are some examples of vertebrates? | salmon, dolphin, elephant, snakes and camels |
| What are some types of invertebrates? | jellyfish, flatworms, true worms and arthropods |
| What are some examples of invertebrates? | snail, starfish, earthworm and amoeba |
| What are some examples of birds? | ducks, vultures and falcons |
| What are some examples of fish? | perch, plaice, eel and salmon |
| What are some examples of reptiles? | snakes, crocodiles and tortoises |
| What are some examples of amphibians? | salamanders and frogs |
| What are some examples of jellyfish? | jellyfish, hydra and sea anemone |
| What is an example of a true worm? | earthworm |
| What are some examples of molluscs? | snails and clams |
| What is an example of a starfish? | sea urchin |
| What are some types of keys? | branching keys and paired statement keys |
| What is the name of factors to do with living things? | biotic factors |
| What are some examples of a biotic factors? | predation, disease, food availability and competition |
| What is an abiotic factor? | a non-living factor |
| What are some examples of abiotic factors? | soil pH, rainfall and temperature |
| What is sampling? | taking a measurement in an ecosystem without destroying things in the ecosystem |
| Why is sampling better than counting? | it is quicker doesn't involve destroying the thing you are trying to count |
| What is a quadrat used for? | to study distribution |
| How is a quadrat used? | It is placed randomly on a lawn and you count how many of the squares contain the species being studied |
| What is measured on a scale from A-H | Light intensity |
| What is measured on a scale from 1-8 | Soil moisture |
| How do producers get their energy? | photosynthesis, light energy or solar energy |
| What feeds off producers? | consumers |
| What order do consumers and producers appear in the food chain? | producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer |
| What does the arrow show in a food chain? | direction of energy flow |
| What percentage of energy is passed down in the food chain? | 10% |
| What does a pyramid of numbers represent? | the number of organisms |
| What does a pyramid of energy represent? | total energy present in each level of the food chain |
| How do you calculate the total amount of magnification when using a microscope? | power of the eyepiece lens multiplied by the power of objective lens |
| What do red blood cells do? | carry oxygen around your body |
| Why do red blood cells not have a nucleus? | to make more room for oxygen |
| Why are red blood cells tiny? | so they can fit through the smallest blood vessels |
| What do nerve cells do? | carry electrical impulses from 1 part of the body to another |
| Why are nerve cells long? | so they can cover a long distance |
| What structure does DNA have? | double helix |
| Why are cells different? | they only use some of the genes |
| What happens in the cytoplasm? | chemical reactions |
| What happens in the nucleus? | controls the cell and contains genetic information |
| What is the purpose of the cell wall? | gives structure to the cell |
| What does the vacuole do? | stores water |
| What does the chloroplast do? | contains green chlorophyll used for photosynthesis |
| What is the purpose of the cell membrane? | controls entry and exit of substances such as oxygen, water, food and waste |
| Groups of cells that are similar form what? | tissues |
| At least 2 different tissues work together to form what? | organs |
| Several organs work together to make what? | organ systems |
| Organ systems work together to form what? | an organism |
| Why is protein necessary? | energy and amino acids which are building blocks for growth and repair the body |
| Why are carbohydrates necessary? | to provide bulk in meals |
| Why are fats required? | they are high in energy and are stored under the skin |
| Vitamins have no what? | energy |
| What is vitamin C is essential for? | healthy blood vessels |
| What is vitamin A for? | healthy immune system and eyes |
| What does vitamin D help? | helps our digestive system to absorb calcium in blood |
| What are some examples of minerals? | calcium and iron |
| Over 75% of the body is made up of what? | water |
| What is fibre used for? | to maintain the health of your digestive system |
| Describe the process of eating food | Saliva breaks down food in the mouth. Food passes down the esophagus/gullet into the stomach. Food from the stomach goes into the small intestine where it's further digested by enzymes. Soluble food passes into the blood and the remains are undigestable fibers. |
| What happens in the large intestine? | water is absorbed from the remaining fibre |
| What is the world population? | 7.6 billion |
| What are 3 things farmers use to increase how much of a crop they can grow and sell? | pesticides, herbicides and fertilisers |
| Why are fertilisers used? | to add nutrients to the soil |
| What 3 elements are useful to plants and what do they do? | Nitrogen for leaf growth, phosphorus for root growth and potassium for flower and fruit growth |
| What is a side effect of pesticides and herbicides? | they reduce biodiversity |
| What is battery farming and why is it used? | keeping animals indoors so it reduces energy transferred into the environment so more energy is available for growth |
| What is the problem with battery farming? | increases the risk of disease, creates a lower quality product and is an ethical concern |
| In organic farming, what is used to replace fertiliser? | manure |
| What are the positives and negatives of using manure? | it improves soil structure but is difficult to apply and cannot control mineral content |
| Why is crop rotation used? | to increase the nutrients available for different crops |
| What is used in stead of herbicides and why is the good? | weeding - there is less environmental damage |
| What are some examples of nitrogen-fixing plants? | peas, beans and clovers |
| Why are insects and wasps important? | pollination |
| Why is organic food more expensive? | less demand, it is more labour intensive, it’s slower and there is less food produced for the size of the farm |
| Name what cell this is and the parts of the cell. | animal cell, nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane |
| Name what cell this is and the parts of the cell. | Plant cell |
| Can you name these parts of a microscope? | Microscope |
