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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Biological process where photoautotrophs capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy	Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + water	Photosynthesis word equation
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.	Photosynthesis chemical equation (simplified)
6CO2 + 12H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O	Photosynthesis chemical equation
Membrane bound organelles found in plant and algal cells (never in prokaryotes) that contain chlorophyll, have their own DNA and reproduce and grow independently	Chloroplasts
Green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy	Chlorophyll
Fluid substance in a chloroplast with the appropriate enzymes and pH for the light independent stage of photosynthesis	Stroma
Flattened sac-like structure made up of chlorophyll-containing membrane.	Thylakoid
Stack of thylakoids (increases SA:V)	Granum
Evidence of endosymbiosis	Chrloroplasts' double membrane
Light energises the chlorophyll which pumps hydrogen and splits water, with the oxygen being released. NADPH and ATP generated for the following stage. Occurs in the thylakoid membranes/grana.	Light dependent stage
ATP and NADPH are used as coenzymes so that the Calvin cycle can form glucose from the carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Occurs in the stroma.	Light independent stage (aka. carbon reduction)
A large enzyme (16 polypeptide chains) that is abundant in leaves and has many active sites to assist the fixing of CO2 to a 5C compound (ribulose bisphosphate), thereby initiating the Calvin cycle. It controls the light independent stage.	Rubisco
The process responsible for tranforming carbon dioxide and hydrogen into glucose. Must turn twice for one glucose.	Calvin cycle
Wasteful process that occurs when oxygen binds to rubisco instead of carbon dioxide, prohibiting photosynthesis and limiting plant growth and survival. It can occur at high temperatures, or when the concentration of oxygen is greater than that of carbon dioxide.	Photorespiration
85% of plants, with no adaptations to limit photorespiration. All of photosynthesis occurs within one mesophyll cell. Usually in moderate or cool and wet habitats. E.g. trees, cereal grains.	C3 plants
Plants found in hot and sunny habitats, that have a light dependent stage identical to C3 plants, but have a light independent stage split up over two different cells. They use more energy to initially form a 4C compund in a mesophyll cell, but the rest of the Calvin cycle occurs in a bundle-sheath cell, where there is always a higher concentration of carbon dioxide than oxygen. E.g. corn, sugarcane.	C4 plants
Found in very hot and dry habitats, these plants split there light independent stage of photosynthesis between night and day. CO2 is taken up during the night when stomata are open, and stored as a 4C compound in a vacuole, until daytime, when the stomata close and CO2 is formed again to be used in photosynthesis. E.g. cacti, orchids.	CAM plants
Increase in light availability, optimal temperature and pH, high carbon dioxide concentration, low inhibitor concentration.	Causes of increasing photosynthetic rate
Decrease in light availability, too high or too low of a temperature and pH, low carbon dioxide concentration, high inhibitor concentration, water stess (e.g. drought).	Causes of decreasing photosynthetic rate
Introduce C4/CAM mechanisms into C3 plants (e.g. prioritise photosynthesis) and disease/chemical resistance (e.g. immunity against viruses, pesticide resistance), and improve physical tolerances (e.g. against frost, drought) and products (e.g. long shelf life)	Agricultural applications of CRISPR-Cas9