| the human digestive system provides the body with ______ | nutrients |
| the respiratory system provides the body with ______ and removes _____ ______ | oxygen carbon dioxide |
| cells are the _____ _______ _____ of all ______ ________ | basic building blocks living organisms |
| a tissue is a ______ __ _____ with a _______ ______ and _______ | group of cells similar structure function |
| organs are an aggregation of _______ performing ______ _______ | tissues specific functions |
| organs are organised into _____ _______ which work together to form _________ | organ systems organisms |
| the digestive system is an organ system in which several organs work together to ______ and _____ food | digest absorb |
| if the temperature gets to high an enzyme will... | denature |
| enzymes ______ specific reactions in living _________ due to the _____ of their ______ ____ | catalyse organisms shape active site |
| the simplified model of enzyme action is called the | lock and key theory |
| amylase is a digestive enzyme secreted by the ______ and _______ _____ and it catalyses the breakdown of _____ into _______ in the _____ and _____ ________ | pancreas salivary glands starch maltose mouth small intestine |
| protease enzymes produced in the ______,_______ and _____ ________ break down _______ in our food into _____ _____ | pancreas stomach small intestine protein amino acids |
| lipase enzymes are produced in the ______ and ____ ______ and break down _______ into ____ ____ and _______ | pancreas small intestine lipids fatty acids glycerol |
| digestive enzymes convert food into _____ ________ that can be _________ into the _________ | small molecules absorbed bloodstream |
| carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into _____ ____
Amylase breaks down _____
Proteas breaks down ______ into ______ ______
Lipase breaks down ______ to _____ _____and ______ | simple sugars starch proteins amino acids lipids fatty acids glycerol |
| the ______ of digestion are used to build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins | products |
| bile is made in the ______ and stored in the ___ _____. it is _______ to _______ _________ acid from the stomach. it also ________ fat to form small droplets which ________ the ______ ____. the _______ conditions and large ______ ____, ______ the rate of fat breakdown by ______ | liver gall bladder alkaline neutralise hydrochloric emulsifies increases surface area alkaline surface area increase lipase |
| REQUIRED PRACTICAL - affect of pH on the rate of reaction to amylase enzyme.
Continuous _______ technique to determine the ____ taken to completely _____ a ______ solution at a _____ of pHs. _______ reagent is to be used to test for _____ every __ seconds. _______ will be ________ by use of a _____ ____ or _______ _______ | sampling time digest starch range iodine starch 30 temperature controlled water bath electric heater |
| the _____ ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. | right |
| the ____ ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body | left |
| the _______ is the largest artery in the body and carries blood from the heart to the circulatory system | aorta |
| the ____ ____ is a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart | vena cava |
| the _________ ______ is the artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. | pulmonary artery |
| the ________ ____ carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart | pulmonary vein |
| _______ _______ supply blood to the heart muscle | coronary arteries |
| the ______ is a tube that connects your larynx (voice box) to your lungs | trachea |
| the trachea is sometimes called the... | windpipe |
| The ______ are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of respiration | alveoli |
| it is through the capillaries that ______, _________, and ______ are exchanged between the blood and the tissues. | oxygen nutrients wastes |
| the natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the ______ ______ that acts as a _________ | right atrium pacemaker |
| artificial _________ are _________ devices used to ______ ____________ in the ______ ____ | pacemakers electrical correct irregularities heart rate |
| _________ carry blood under high pressure and have _____ ________ and _______ walls to pump and accommodate blood | arteries thick muscular elastic |
| _______ carry blood under low or negative pressure and have ____ walls - have less ______ tissue than _______ | veins thin muscular arteries |
| Capillaries are tiny, thin walled ________ that form a network to take blood through the _____ and other body ______ | vessels organs tissues |
| blood is a tissue consisting of ______, in which ___ blood cells, ______ blood cells and ________ are suspended | plasma red white platelets |
| red blood cells contain a substance called _________, which transports _____ around the body | haemoglobin oxygen |
| platelets form _____ and stop or prevent bleeding. | clots |
| In coronary heart disease layers of _____ _______ build up inside the coronary _______, _________ them. This reduces the _____ ____ through the coronary _______, resulting in a lack of ______ for the ______ muscle | fatty material arteries narrowing blood flow arteries oxygen heart |
| ______ are used to keep the coronary arteries open. | stents |
| ________ are widely used to reduce blood _________ levels, which slows the rate of ______ ________ deposit | statins cholestoral fatty material |
| in some people ______ ______ may become faulty, preventing the ______ from opening fully, or the heart valve might develop a _____ | heart valves valve leak |
| faulty heart valves can be replaced using ________ or _________ valves | biological mechanical |
| If the heart fails a _____ heart, or heart and lungs can be _________. | donor transplanted |
| ________ hearts are occasionally used to keep patients alive whilst waiting for a ______ ________, or to allow the heart to ____ as an aid to recovery | artificial heart transplant rest |
| ___________ diseases spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another | communicable |
| __________ diseases are a group of conditions that are not mainly caused by an acute infection, result in long-term health consequences and often create a need for long-term treatment and care | noncommunicable |
| Other factors including ____, _____ and ____ __________ may have a profound effect on both physical and mental health. | diet stress life situations |
| Defects in the _______ ______ mean that an individual is more likely to suffer from ________ diseases. | immune systems infectious |
| _______ living in cells can be the trigger for cancers | viruses |
| Immune reactions initially caused by a _______ can trigger ________ such as skin rashes and asthma | pathogen allergies |
| lifestyle factors affecting health include ____,_______ and ________ | diet alcohol smoking |
| risk factors linked to an increased rate of disease-
+ aspects of a persons ________
+ ________ in the persons ____ or __________ | lifestyle substances body environment |
| ____,________ and _______ effect the risk of cardiovascular disease | diet smoking exercise |
| obesity is a risk factor for ____ _ ________ | type 2 diabetes |
| smoking effects lung _____ and lung ______ | disease cancer |
| _______ and _______ effects unborn babies | smoking alcohol |
| ______ can increase the risk of cancer | radiation |
| cancer is the __________ ______ and _______ of cells | uncontrolled growth division |
| _______ tumours are growths of abnormal cells which are contained in ___ area, usually within a membrane. They ____ ______ other parts of the body | benign one don't invade |
| ________ tumour cells are ______. They ______ neighbouring _______ and _____ to different parts of the body in the ______ where they form ________ tumours | malignant cancers invade tissues spread blood secondary |
| there are also _______ risk factors for some cancers | genetic |
| The _________ is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants. It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment | epidermis |
| The _______ _______ layer is where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf. The ______ cells contain a lot of chloroplasts to help them perform this photosynthesis and are closely packed together to maximise light absorption. | palisade mesophyll palisade cells |
| gas exchange happens in the _____ _______ tissue of the leaf. The cells are loosely packed allowing _____ _______ to diffuse in and _____ to diffuse out | spongy mesophyll carbon dioxide oxygen |
| _____ carries water and minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves | xylem |
| ______ transport dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or storage | phloem |
| the ______ tissue is an undifferentiated tissue found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants. | meristem |
| the leaf is a plant ______ | organ |
| the _____ _____ surround the _______ (which takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen) and they are triggered open by one of many _______ or ________ changes. Such as strong sunlight or high carbon dioxide levels | guard cells stomata environmental chemical |
| Root hair cells are adapted for taking up water and mineral ions by having a ______ _______ ____ to increase the ____ of __________ | large surface area rate absorbtion |
| The release of water from plant leaves is called... | transpiration |
| plants transpire at higher temperatures because _____ __________ more _______. | water evaporates rapidly |
| the factors that affect transpiration are _____ intensity, t________,h_______, ____ and _____ supply | light temperature humidity wind water |
| the movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant is called... | translocation |
| the xylem is composed of ______ tubes strengthened by ______ adapted fro transport of water in the __________ stream | hollow lignin transpiration |
| the phloem is composed of _____ of _________ cells . Cell ___ can move from one ______ ____ to the next through ______ in the ___ ____ | tubes elongated sap phloem cell pores end wall |
