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level: cells

Questions and Answers List

level questions: cells

Question	Answer
the differences in the cells are controlled by _____ in the ______	genes nucleus
for an organism to grow, cells must _____ by ______ producing ___ new ________ cells	divide mitosis two identical
Plant and animal cells (eukaryotic cells) have a ____ _______, ________ and ________ material enclosed in a ________	cell membrane cytoplasm genetic nucleus
Bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) are much _______ in comparison to eukaryotic cells	smaller
bacterial cells (prokaryotic cells) have ________ and a ____ ________ surrounded by a ____ ____. The genetic material is not enclosed in a ______. It is a single DNA loop.	cytoplasm cell membrane cell wall nucleus
which sub-cellular structure controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information.	nucleus
which sub-cellular structure regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell	cell membrane
which sub-cellular structure is the gel-like fluid inside the cell and provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell	cytoplasm
which sub-cellular structure produce the energy necessary for the cell's survival and functioning	mitochondria
which sub-cellular structure is a small organelle involved in the process of making protein, which is called protein synthesis	ribosomes
which sub-cellular structure absorb the light energy needed to make photosynthesis happen	chloroplast
which sub-cellular structure is filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid	vacuole
which sub-cellular structure is made from cellulose and strengthens the cell and supports the plant.	cell wall
which cell has these specialisations: the nucleus is in the head of the cell, tail for swimming optimising fertilisation, full of mitochondria to supply energy for movement	the sperm cells
which cell has these specialisations: have branched connections at each end, join to each other, allowing them to pass messages around the body, have a fatty (myelin) sheath that surrounds them which increases the speed at which the message can travel.	nerve cells
which cell has these specialisations: have layers which can slide over each other allowing contraction, contain mitochondria supplying energy for movement	muscle cell
which cells have these specialisations: large surface area to increase the rate of absorption, contain a lot of mitochondria to provide energy for active transport	root hair cells
which cells have these specialisations: end walls of the are broken to allow water to move through, a substance called lignin strengthens the cell walls of	xylem cells
which cells have these specialisations: small holes to allow food products to move up and down the vessels	phloem cells
as an organism develops, cells __________ to from different types of cells. + most types of animal cell ________ at an ______ _____ + many types of plant cells ______ their ability to ________ throughout life	differentiate differentiate early stage retain differentiate
in mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to _____ and ________	repair replacement
An ______ microscope has much higher magnification and resolving power than a _____ microscope. This means that it can be used to study _____ in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to ___ and ________ many more sub-cellular structures	electron light cells see understand
Bacteria multiply by simple cell _______ (binary fission) as often as once every 20 minutes if they have enough _______ and a suitable ________	division nutrients temperature
_______ can be grown in a nutrient broth solution or as colonies on an agar gel plate. Uncontaminated ________ of microorganisms are required for investigating the action of __________ and _________	bacteria cultures disinfectants antibiotics
Petri dishes and culture media must be ________ before use	sterilised
The nucleus of a cell contains _________ made of DNA molecules. Each _________ carries a large number of _____. In body cells the _________ are normally found in _____	chromosomes chromosome genes chromosomes pairs
During the cell cycle the genetic material is _______ and then ______ into two identical cells. Before a cell can divide it needs to ____ and _______ the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria. The DNA replicates to form ___ copies of each _______. In _______ one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides. Finally the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two _______ cells	doubled divided grow increase two chromosome mitosis identical
A stem cell is an _________ cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type.	undifferentiated
Stem cells from human _______ can be ______ and made to differentiate into most different types of human _____.	embryos cloned cells
Stem cells from adult ____ _______ can form ____ types of cells including blood cells	bone marrow many
Meristem tissue in plants can ________ into any type of plant cell, ________ the ____ of the plant	differentiate throughout life
In therapeutic cloning an _____ is produced with the ____ ______ as the patient. Stem cells from the embryo are ___ _______ by the patient’s body so they may be used for medical _______	embryo same genes not rejected treatment
The use of stem cells has potential _____ such as transfer of viral _______, and some people have ______ or _________ objections	risks infection ethical religious
Stem cells from ________ in plants can be used to produce _____ of plants quickly and economically. • ____ _______ can be cloned to protect from _______. • Crop plants with special features such as ______ _______ can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers	meristems clones rare species extinction disease resistance
Substances may move into and out of cells across the cell membranes via...	diffusion
movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration is called...	diffusion
Factors which affect the rate of diffusion are: • the difference in ________ (gradient) • the ________ • the _______ ____ of the membrane	concentration temperature surface area
A single-celled organism has a relatively _____ surface area to volume ratio. This allows sufficient ______ of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the ______ of the organism	large transport needs