| Is the basic unit of all living things | Cell |
| Are simple cells that have no nucleus | Prokaryotic Cells |
| Most are unicellular bacteria | Prokaryotic cells |
| Are complex cells with a nucleus and subcellular structures (organelles). | Eukaryotic cells |
| All fungi, plants, and animals are _________ | Eukaryotes |
| It means "before" | Pro |
| It means "karyon" | Nucleus |
| Forms the cell's outer boundary and separates the cell's internal environment from the outside environment | Plasma membrane or "plasmalemma" |
| It allows the passage of some things and not other | Selectively permeable barrier |
| Plays a role in cellular communication | Plasma Membrane |
| Is much more than just a "fence" - it is a flexible yet sturdy, "intelligent" semipermeable regular. | Plasma membrane |
| It covers and protects the cell | Plasma membrane |
| It controls what goes in and comes out | Plasma Membrane |
| It is the linkage to other cells | Gap Junction |
| Bleeding in blood vessels | Clot formation |
| It occurs because of the linkage | Platelet Aggregation |
| Flies certain "flags" to tell other cells "who" it is | Plasma membrane |
| It describes the arrangement of molecules within the membrane. | Fluid Mosaic Model |
| They resemble a sea of phospholipids with protein "icebergs" floating in it. | Fluid Mosaic Model |
| Act as a barrier to certain polar substances | Lipids |
| Protein pore | Aquaporin |
| Act as "gatekeepers", allowing passage of specific molecules and ions | Proteins |
| It surrounds the inner and outer portion | Protein molecule |
| It forms a lipid bilayer | Phospholipids |
| Composition of lipid bilayer | Cholesterol and glycolipids |
| Extend into or through the bilayer | Integral proteins |
| Spa the entire lipid bilayer | Transmembrane proteins |
| Attach to the inner or outer surface but do not extend through the membrane | Peripheral proteins |
| Are membrane proteins with a carbohydrate group attached that protrude into the extracellular fluid | Glycoproteins |
| Is the entire "sugary coating" surrounding the membrane (made up of the carbohydrate portions of the glycolipids and glycoproteins). | Glycocalyx |
| It is found in some bacteria | Glycocalyx |
| Selectively move substances through the membrane | Transporters |
| For cellular recognition; a ligand is a molecule that binds with a receptor | Receptors |
| Catalyze chemical reactions | Enzymes |
| Forms a pore through which a specific ion can flow to get across membrane. | Ion Channel |
| Allows specific ion to move through water-filled pore. Most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions. | Ion Channel |
| Transports a specific substance across membrane by undergoing a change in shape. | Carrier |
| selectively moves a polar substance or ion from one side of the membrane to the other | Carrier |
| These are also known as transporters | Carrier |
| Carries specific substances across membrane by changing shape. | Carrier |
| Recognizes specific ligand and alters cell’s function in some way. | Receptor |
| Is a molecule that binds with a receptor | Ligand |
| For cellular recognition | Receptor |
| Hormones do not enter the cell, the just attach to the receptor sites | TRUE |
| Recognizes specific molecule and alters cell's function in some way. | FALSE |
| Catalyzes chemical reactions | Enzyme |
| Catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site laces). | Enzyme |
| For example, lactase protruding from epithelial cells lining your small intestine splits the disaccharide lactose in the milk you drink. | Enzyme |
| For example, antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes. | Receptor |
| For example, amino acids, needed to synthesize new proteins, enter body cells via carriers. Carrier proteins are also known as transporters. | Carrier |
| Anchors filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. | Linker |
| Peripheral proteins also serves as _________ | Enzymes and linkers |
| May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together | Linker |
| Distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s (unless you are an identical twin). e.g. ABO blood type | Cell identity marker (glycoprotein) |
| Important class of such markers | Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins |
| Because of the distribution of lipids and the proteins embedded in it, the membrane allows some substances across but not others; this is called ___________ | Selective permeability |
| small, neutrally-charged, lipid-soluble substances can freely pass. | Rule of Thumb |
| is a special case - it is highly polar, yet still freely permeable. | Water |
| For those substances that are needed by the cell but for which the
membrane is impenetrable (impermeable), ____________ _________ act as channels and transporters. | Transmembrane proteins |
| They assist the entrance of certain substances that either can't pass at all (glucose) or for which the cell needs to hasten passage (ions). | Membrane permeability |
| Involve substances moving across the cell membranes without the input of any energy - they are said to move "with" or "down" their concentration gradient ([gradient], where [ ] indicates "concentration"). | Passive processes |
| is the passive spread of particles through random motion, from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. | Diffusion |
| ↑difference in concentration ↑ rate of diffusion. | Steepness of the concentration gradient |
| ↑temperature ↑ rate of diffusion. | Temperature |
| ↑ mass of the diffusing particle ↓diffusion rate | Mass of the diffusing substance. |
| ↑surface area ↑ diffusion rate. | Surface area |
| ↑ distance ↑time | Diffusion distance |
| Is the net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to one of lower water concentration. | Osmosis |
| Water can pass through plasma membrane in 2 ways: | through lipid bilayer by simple diffusion
through aquaporins (integral membrane proteins) |
| In the third tube, the force generated by the movement of water from the left to the right side is called | Osmotic Pressure |
| requires a specific channel or a carrier molecule, but no energy is used | Facilitated diffusion |
| Passage of potassium ions through a gated K+ Channel | Channel-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion |
| Passage of glucose across the cell membrane. | Carrier-Mediated Facilitated Diffusion |
| refers to the concentration of salt solutions in the blood and elsewhere. | Tonicity |
| Since semipermeable membranes separate these fluid compartments, osmosis of water is free to occur between any fluid space and another. | Tonicity |
| The effect of changing tonicity is demonstrated in this graphic, as water
moves m and out of red blood cells. | Tonicity |
| same salt concentration is the same as rbc | Isotonic |
| Ideal fluid for passage of drugs | Isotonic |
| in donor and donee situations | cross matching |
| Also known as Normal Saline Solutions | 0.9% NaCl |
| Neutralizer | Isotonic Solution |
| usually 0.3% (hospital); lesser than the salt concentration of rbc | Hypotonic |
| When patients are vomiting; rbs are __________ | Dehydrated |
| Used when given meds intravenously | Hypotonic |
| higher concentration gradient then inside the rbc (e.g. 5%) | Hypertonic |
| Neurons are swelling/inflammation | Hypertonic |
| involve the use of energy, primarily from the breakdown of ATP, to move a substance against its [gradient]. | Active processes |
| Various types of transporters are used, and energy is required. | Active processes |
| Solutes can also be actively transported across a plasma membrane against their concentration gradient ([low] to [high]) by using energy (usually in the form of ATP). | Active processes |
| The sodium-potassium pump is found in all cells. | Active processes |
| For every 3 sodium going in _________ goes out | 2 potassium |
| Intracellular cation - potassium | Going out - passive |
| Extracellular cation - sodium | Going out - active |
| Antiporters carry two substances across the membrane in opposite
directions. | Secondary Active Transport Mechanisms |
| Symporters carry two substances across the membrane in the same
direction. | Secondary Active Transport Mechanisms |
| a small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane | Vesicle |
| It came from golgi apparatus | Vesicles |
| materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane | Endocytosis |
| Key type; e.g. hormone, LDL receptor | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| "cell-eating", eating of a solid molecule (most common: bacteria) | Phagocytosis |
| liquid endocytosis, engulfing smaller molecules, and more numerous | Bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis) |
| vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid | Exocytosis |
| a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis | Transcytosis |
| a gelatin-like substance, plus structural fibers and organelles (but not the nucleus) | Cytoplasm |
| contains all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. | Cytoplasm |
| It is the fluid portion (mostly water). | Cytosol |
| are subcellular structures embedded in the cytosol, having characteristic shapes and specific functions. | Organelles |
| intracellular fluid, surrounding the organelles | Cytosol |
| The site of many chemical reactions | Cytosol |
| Energy is usually released by these reactions. | Cytosol |
| Reactions provide the building blocks for cell maintenance, structure, function and growth. | Cytosol |
| Specialized structures within the cell | Organelles |
| Network of protein filaments throughout the cytosol | Cytoskeleton |
| Provides structural support for the cell | Cytoskeleton |
| smallest type of filament | microfilaments |
| middle | intermediate filaments |
| It is the largest and seen in the tail of sperm cells | Microtubules |
| Located near the nucleus and it consists of two centrioles and pericentriolar material. | Centrosome |
| Made up of microtubules, important in mitosis, and responsible in formation of mitotic spindle | Centrosome |
| Mitotic spindle takes place in _______ | Cell division |
| Consists of 3-20 flattened, membranous sacs called _________ | Cisternae |
| Modify, sort, and package proteins for transport to different destinations. | Golgi Complex |
| Longer than cilia | Flagella |
| Move an entire cell | Flagella |
| The only example of flagella | Sperm cell's tail |
| short, hair-like projections from the cell surface | Cilia |
| Move fluids along a cell surface | Cilia |
| found in the respiratory and digestive tract; for movement, sweep dust particles that enter. | Cilia |
| These are paralyzed in smokers | Cilia |
| vesicles that form from the Golgi complex and contain powerful digestive enzyme | Lysosomes |
| It means that cell is about to die or cell is being destroyed | Lots of lysosome |
| Suicide bag of the cell | Lysosome |
| Sites of protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| large subunit + small subunit = | complete functional ribosome |
| TRUE OR FALSE: in order to produce protein, both subunit should merge | TRUE |
| TRUE OR FALSE without two of the subunits protein would not be produced | FALSE |
| For typhoid fever; attack the large subunit (50s) | Chloramphenicol |
| for tonsillitis, attack the small subunits (30s) | Erythromycin |
| Found inside the nucleus and in the cytoplasm | Ribosomes |
| Formed in the nucleolus then exits into the rough endoplasmic reticulum through nuclear pores | Ribosomes |
| Network of membranes in the shape of flattened sacs or tubules | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| A series of flattened sacs surface is studded with ribosomes | Rough ER |
| The rough ER produces various _______ | proteins |
| Connected directly to the nucleus | Rough ER |
| Continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins. More on proteins | Proteasomes |
| Type of lysosomes specific to proteins | Proteasomes |
| It is found in the cytosol and the nucleus because ribosomes is produced in the nucleolus in the nucleus. | Proteasomes |
| The powerhouses of the cell and it generates ATP | Mitochondria |
| It act as fuel and it is needed in active transport | ATP, adenosine triphosphate |
| More prevalent in physiologically active cells: | Muscles, liver, and kidneys |
| Have inner and outer mitochondrial membranes similar in structure to the plasma membrane | Mitochondria |
| the series of folds of the inner membrane | Cristae |
| the largest central fluid-tilled cavity | Matrix |
| TRUE or FALSE: DNA is inherited only from your mother | TRUE |
| A network of membrane tubules that does not have ribosomes | Smooth ER |
| Smooth ER synthesizes _______ and _________ | Fatty acids and Steroids |
| It detoxifies certain drugs | Liver |
| This are commonly found in the ovaries and testes because they produce _________ and _________ | Estrogen and Testosterone |
| Contains the genetic library of the cell | Nucleus |
| Large organelle that contains DNA in molecules | Chromosomes |
| Each chromosomes consists of a single molecule of DNA and associated proteins | Nucleus |
| A chromosomes contains thousands of hereditary units called _______ | Genes |
| DNA testing is done in what part? | Nucleus |
| What is the shape of the nucleus | Spherical or oval |
| A double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm | Nuclear Envelope |
| This are absent in prokaryotes | Nucleus |
| Numerous openings in the nuclear envelope | Nuclear pores |
| control movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm | Nuclear pores |
| where substances like ribosomes pass through as it goes out of the
nucleus | Nuclear pores |
| Spherical body that produces ribosomes | Nucleolus |
| The cell's hereditary traits. It control activities and structure of the cell | Genes |
| Long molecules of DNA combines with protein molecules | Chromosomes |
| The cell cycle is a sequence of events in which a body cell duplicates its contents and divides in two | Somatic Cell Division |
| Body cells | Somatic |
| How many pairs of chromosomes are there in humans | 23 pairs |
| The two chromosomes that make up each pair are called ______ | Homologous chromosomes (homologs) |
| Somatic cells contain two sets of chromosomes and are called _______ | Diploid cells |
| The cell is not dividing | Interphase |
| the cell replicates its DNA | Interphase |
| It consists of three phases: G1, S, and G2 | Interphase |
| Duration of G1 | 8-10 hours |
| Duration of S-replication | 8 hours |
| Duration of G2 | 4-6 hours |
| consists of a nuclear division (mitosis) and a cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) to form two identical cells | Mitotic Phase |
| the chromatin fibers change into chromosomes | Prophase |
| microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the metaphase plate | Metaphase |
| the chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell | Anaphase |
| the chromatids are now called chromosomes | Anaphase |
| two identical nuclei are formed around the identical sets of chromosomes now in their chromatin form | Telophase |
| Division of a cell’s cytoplasm to form two identical cells | Cytokinesis |
| It usually begins in late anaphase | Cytokinesis |
| The plasma membrane constricts at its middle, forming a _________ | Cleavage furrow |
| The cell eventually splits into two daughter cells | Cytokinesis |
| It begins when cytokinesis is complete | Interphase |
| reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes | Meiosis |
| gametes contain a single set of 23 chromosomes | Haploid cells |
| Meiosis occurs in two successive stages: | Meiosis I and Meiosis II |
| Each of these two stages has 4 phases: | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| Total number of chromosomes | 46 chromosomes |
| Total number of chromosomes | 46 chromosomes |
