| Is the study of the actions of drugs, incorporating knowledge from other interrelated sciences, such as pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. | Pharmacology |
| Various drug classes enables to understand: | a. Therapeutic
b. Potential side effects or toxicities |
| Drugs are classified by how they??? | affect certain body systems, by their therapeutic use or based on their chemical characteristics. |
| Drug names: | Trade name
Generic name |
| Drug names: Which is assigned by the pharmaceutical company that manufactures the drug. | Trade name |
| Drug names: Which is the official drug name and is not protected by trademark. | Generic name |
| Drug names: Generic name: When a manufacturer receives a patent for a new drug, this means that? | no other company can produce the drug until the patent expires. |
| Drug names: Generic name: Once this patent expires...? | Other companies may manufacture the drug with a different trade name but equivalent chemical makeup. |
| Drug approval process: | Phase 1: Drug discovery and development
Phase 2: Preclinical research and development
Phase 3: Clinical trial
Phase 4: FDA reviews NDA
Phase 5: Manufacturing |
| Drug approval process: Phase 1:
2-10 years | Drug Discovery and development |
| Drug approval process: Phase 2:
Initial synthesis of substance;
Laboratory studies and animal testing;
Institutional review boards
3-6 years | Preclinical research and development |
| Drug approval process: Phase 3
Research and development (all trials approved by IRD)';
Testing in healthy subjects;
Testing in healthy individuals with the diseases;
Larger scale testing in individuals with the disease
6-7 years | Clinical trial |
| Drug approval process: Phase 4:
FDA expects review data;
Company addresses FDA concerns;
Advisory hearing may be called
1-2 years | FDA reviews NDA |
| Drug approval process: Phase 5:
Drug appears on the market;
Postmarket surveillance;
Follow-up studies and inspections | Manufacturing |
| The comprehensive drug abuse prevention and Control Act was passed in ??? and regulates the manufacturing and distribution of substances with a potential for abuse | 1970 |
| Enforces the law and requires all individuals and companies that handle controlled substances to provide storage security, keep accurate records, and include the provider number assigned by the DEA on all prescriptions for controlled substances | The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) |
| Controlled Substances Categories Designated by the U.S. Government: | Schedule:
I
II
III
IV
V |
| Controlled Substances Categories Designated by the U.S. Government:
Dispensing Requirements: Drugs not approved for medical use, except specific protocols: high abuse potential | Schedule I |
| Controlled Substances Categories Designated by the U.S. Government:
Dispensing Requirements: Drugs approved for medical use: high abuse potential. Must be kept in locked safe. No refills without a new prescription. | Schedule II |
| Controlled Substances Categories Designated by the U.S. Government:
Dispensing Requirements: Less potential for abuse than Schedule I or II drugs but may lead to psychological or physical dependence. Prescription expires in 6 months. | Schedule III |
| Controlled Substances Categories Designated by the U.S. Government:
Dispensing Requirements: Some potential for abuse. Prescription expires in 6 months. | Schedule IV |
| Controlled Substances Categories Designated by the U.S. Government:
Dispensing Requirements: Written prescription requirements vary with state law. | Schedule V |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: The legal responsibilities of nurses for medication administration are defined in | state nurse practice acts and healthcare organization policies and procedures. |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: | 1. The right drug is given
2. The right patient
3. The right dose
4. The right route
5. The right time
6. The right reasons
7. The right documentation
8. The right response
Additional rights:
9. Right education
10. Right to refuse |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: 1. | The right drug is given |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: 2: | The right patient |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: 3: | The right dose |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: 4: | The right route |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: 5: | The right time |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: 6: | The right reasons |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: 7: | The right documentation |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: 8: | The right response |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: Additional rights: 9: | Right education |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: Additional rights: 10 | Right to refuse |
| Legal-Ethical Aspects of drug therapy: 8 rights of Medication Administration: Most medication errors result from? | failure to follow one of these "rights". |
| Ethical aspects of nursing care were identified by the American Nurses Association (ANA) in the? | 2001 code of ethics. |
| Ethical aspects of nursing care were identified by the American Nurses Association (ANA) in the 2001 code of ethics. The guidelines provide ethical principles to be adhered by every professional nurse: | 1. Respect the dignity of all patients, regardless of ethnicity, socio-economic status, or specific health problem;
2. Participate in activities to support maintenance of their professional competence
3. Protect patient's privacy and confidentiality
4. Make a commitment to providing quality patient care in every setting. |
| Ethical aspects of nursing care were identified by the American Nurses Association (ANA) in the 2001 code of ethics. The guidelines provide ethical principles to be adhered by every professional nurse: 1: | Respect the dignity of all patients, regardless of ethnicity, socio-economic status, or specific health problem; |
| Ethical aspects of nursing care were identified by the American Nurses Association (ANA) in the 2001 code of ethics. The guidelines provide ethical principles to be adhered by every professional nurse: 2: | Participate in activities to support maintenance of their professional competence. |
| Ethical aspects of nursing care were identified by the American Nurses Association (ANA) in the 2001 code of ethics. The guidelines provide ethical principles to be adhered by every professional nurse: 3: | Protect patient's privacy and confidentiality |
| Ethical aspects of nursing care were identified by the American Nurses Association (ANA) in the 2001 code of ethics. The guidelines provide ethical principles to be adhered by every professional nurse: 4: | Make a commitment to providing quality patient care in every setting. |
| 9 provisions to 2015 Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements: | 1. Respect for human dignity
2. Primacy of patient interest
3. Protection of patient privacy and confidentiality
4. Authority, accountability, and responsibility for nursing practice.
5. Duty to self and others
6. Maintaining an ethical environment
7. Contributions through research and scholarly inquiry.
8. Health as a universal right
9. Articulation and assertion of nursing values. |
| medication errors: Errors can occur during the? | prescribing, dispensing, administration, or right documentation phases of medication administration. |
| How can errors be prevented? | 1. During patient transfer
2. Patient identification
3. Environmental factors |
| Patient teaching is also a key to preventing errors - an informed patient will | question his or her nurse if the medication looks different from the usual pill |
| Is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action - or "how a drug works"
Studies how chemical substances affect living organisms
The study of the interactions between a living organism and a Chemical substance that result in a visible change so the organisms normal or abnormal biochemical functions. | Pharmacology |
| Pharmacology is derived from the Greek word? | Pharmakon; and
-logia meaning "the knowledge gained through study" |
| Pharmakon, the word derived from to Pharmacology translates into? | poison in classic Greek; and
drug in modern Greek, |
| The resultant change in pharmacology is called a? | drug action |
| Is the study of "what a drug does to the body"
It describes the molecular interactions of a drug with a specific biological molecules that lead to a desired therapeutic response. | Pharmacodynamics |
| Is referred to as "what the body does to the drug" and quantifies the rate of drug movement in the body.
Studies characterize the speed of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and drug elimination (excretion). | Pharmacokinetics |
| Is a substance or chemical capable of altering a biochemical or physiological processes in the body | Drug |
| Drug responses or altering biochemical or physiological process in the body may be? | desirable (therapeutic) or undesirable (adverse) |
| Is defined as a drug that is used for the purpose of restoring a dysfunctional or pathologic process in the body to its desired function or process. | Medication |
| Is any component that provides pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease or to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or animals. | Active ingredient |
| The goal of medication therapy is to? | Restore a dysfunctional or pathological biochemical or physiological process. |
| Every drug has at least three names: | 1. The chemical name
2. The generic name
3. The brand name |
| Every drug has at least three names: Is designated according to rules of nomenclature of chemical compounds.
It's precise description of a chemical composition and molecular structure of a compound. | The chemical name |
| Every drug has at least three names: Refers to a common established name regardless of its manufacturer. There is only one one of it for a drug. | The generic name |
| Every drug has at least three names: Is selected by the manufacturer and always capitalized.
Also known as the trade name or proprietary name. | The brand name |
| The Liver: Anatomical First Stop for Orally administered Drugs: The first pass effect: | Oral drugs ->
absorbed by small intestines ->
Portal venous system ->
Delivers absorbed molecules ->
to the liver ->
transforms most of the chemicals by a series of liver enzymes -> breaks the drugs into metabolites ->
some will cause effect and some will be deactivated and readily excreted from the body ->
as a result, large percentage of the oral dose is destroyed and never reaches the tissues. ->
the portion of the drug that gets through is delivered to the circulatory system for transport throughout the body. |
| Means that the medication produces a beneficial effect for the patient. | Therapeutic response |
| Are responses in tissues where the drugs effects are neither needed nor wanted causing problematic but not harmful symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, headache, and similar uncomfortable responses. | Side effects |
| Side effects range in: | Severity from mild to nuisance - to at worst-severe. |
| Is the study and characterization of the adverse effects caused by excessively high concentrations of drug in the body and harmful, potentially fatal results. | Toxicology |
