| Regulation can occur at any step in the expression process, but most often it is done at | transcription |
| Found in chromosome arms - | Euchromatin |
| Found in centromeres and telomeres- | Heterochromatin |
| Highly acetylated- | Heterochromatin |
| highly condensed- | Heterochromatin |
| Gene poor- | heterochromatin |
| Gene rich- | euchromatin |
| miRNAs cause- | to be degraded |
| The TATA box is part of- | the core promoter |
| Repressors bind to - | Silencers |
| RNA polymerase binds to- | the core promoter |
| Phosphorylation is a form of- | post-translarional modification |
| A single gene can code for | for more than one type of protein |
| Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2 (e-IF-2) must be | dephosphorylated before translation can occur. |
| The proteasome- | destroys proteins |
| Methylation of DNA and histones causes nucleosomes to | pack tightly together with no transcription and express |
| Histone acetylation results in | loose packing of nucleosomes with trtranscrption and express |
| Epigenetic changes to the chromatin may result from | Aging Diet, drug, development and environmental chemical |
| Epigenetic changes may result in | cancer, Autoimmune disease, mental disorders and diabetes.) |
| Histones are proteins around which | DNA winds for compaction and gene regulation |
| Dna methylation and chemical modification of histone tails alter | the spacing of nucleosomes and change gene expression. |
| The major steps of transcription are | initiation, promoter clearance, elongation, and termination. |
| Proteins that help (activators) bind to | enhancer sequences |
| Proteins that hinder (repressors) bind to | silencer sequences |
| The longer a protein “lives”, | the more proteins can be translated from it |
| miRNAs cause- | to be degraded |
| Dicer – | protein that cuts double-stranded RNA |
| RISC – RNA- | induced Silencing Complex |
| When elf-2 is not phosphorylates, | translation occurs |
| elf -2 mediates the binding of the initiator Rna into | the p-site |
| When elf-2 is phosphorylates, | translation is blocked |
| Transcription initiation | 1,2.3.4 |
| Ubiquitin – 76 amino acid protein found in | all eukaryotes |
| The cap, tail and untranslated regions all protect mRNA from being | degraded. |
| RBPs bind to the untranslated regions and determine the | “lifespan” of a particular mRNA |
