| • Ba- | Barium |
| • Be- | Barium Enema |
| • BM- | Bowel Movement |
| • BS- | Bowel Sound |
| • Ca- | Cancer |
| • CBD- | Common Bile Duct |
| • EGD- | Esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
| • ERCP- | Endoscopic Retrograde Cholanigiopancreatography |
| • ESWL- | Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy |
| • FBS- | Fasting Blood Sugar |
| • GERD- | Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| • GI- | Gastrointestinal |
| • GTT- | Glucose Tolerance Test |
| • HAV- | Hepatitis A Virus |
| • HBV- | Hepatitis B Virus |
| • HCV- | Hepatitis C Virus |
| • HDV- | Hepatitis D Virus |
| • HEV- | Hepatitis E Virus |
| • IBD- | Irritable Bowel Disease |
| • IBS- | Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
| • NG- | Nasogastric |
| • N&V- | Nausea & Vomiting |
| • N/V/D- | Nausea/Vomiting/Diarrhea |
| • PEG- | Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy |
| • Ponv- | Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting |
| • TPN- | Total Parenteral Nutrition |
| • UGI- | Upper Gastrointestinal |
| Clinical Aspects: | 1. Scars/lesions/rashes- take note the location and measurement
2. Stretch Marks (Striae)
3. Gastrointestinal Tracts
a. Infections
b. Ulcer
c. CAncer
d. Obstruction (hernia)
4. Appendicitis
5. Diverticulitis
6. Inflammatory Bowel Diseaase |
| Irregular, atrophic linear bands of skin
Over strecthing of our collagen in the skin. Commonly seen after pregnancy delivery, patients whoo are obese who tried diet, No cure. | Stretch Msrks (Striae) |
| Stretch Msrks (Striae): Location: | Hips, breasts, thigh, buttocks, abdomen and flank |
| Stretch Msrks (Striae): Treatments: | 1. creams, gels, lotions - lessen the color
2. Laser therapy
3. Cosmetic surgery (abdominoplasty) |
| Inflammation of the stomach & intestines
It may be caused by virus, norovirus, bacterial or E.coli due to contaminated water. E.coli can also spread from person to person. Some are caused by salmonella infection it came from foods that are cooked raw or uncooked meat. | Infection: Gastroenteritis |
| Common Stomach Upsets: | Nausea
Diarrhea
Emesis |
| Common Stomach Upsets: Unwanted feelilng, motion sickness | Nausea |
| Common Stomach Upsets: discharge of watery stools | Diarrhea |
| Common Stomach Upsets:Vomiting | Emesis |
| Can survived in acidic environment
caused by:
- gastric or peptic juices- damages our tissues and sometimes it causes inflammation to our tissue. Mostly affected in the stomach and duodenum.
-Helicobacter pylori
other causes:
-coffee
-tobacco
-alcohol drinks | Peptic Ulcer |
| Peptic Ulcer: Diagnosis: | -Endoscopy
-Barium swallow |
| Visualization inside the body
a diagnosis in peptic ulcer | endoscopy |
| a procedure done to the patient where a tube is being inserted inside the anus with a solution in it to view the structure of the abdomen. | Barium swallow |
| Peptic Ulcer symptoms: | Epigastric Pain
Heartburn |
| Cancer: Common sites: | colon
Rectum
Colorectal |
| Cancer: Causes: | 1. Diet- low fiber diet and high fat
2. Heredity
3. Colitis
4. Colon polyp |
| Is an abnormal tissue growth | Polyp |
| Means blockage of the flow of digestive fluids from small intestine to large intestine. Usually caused by hernia or volvulus | intestinal obstruction |
| Is the protrusion or bulges of a part or structure throug the tissue normally containing it. | Hernia |
| Causes of Hernia: | 1. Overweight
2. Pregnancy
3. Lifting, carrying or even pushing heavy object
4. Straining on the toilet
5. Persistent coughing |
| The most common type of hernia and appears in the abdomen and groin are.
The intestinal tissue will push through the weakiest point of the abdominal wall. usually seen on men.
No actual symptoms but may lead to chest pain, dysphagia or reflux. | Inguinal hernia |
| Treatment of hernia | Herniorrhaphy |
| A condition tha affects our gastrointestinal tract. Narrowing of the pylorus | Pyloric stenosis |
| Other (types or forms of) obstruction: There is slipping or a passage of a segment of the intestine into another distal part of the intestine.
Usually affects small & large intestine.
Unknown cause in children but for adult, it may be due to tumor. | Intussusception "telescoping" |
| Other (types or forms of) obstruction:
The twisting of the intestine.
In children it happens if there is malnutrition of the intestine.
In adult, the problem is the enlargement of the colon, narrowing of the intestine and chronic constipation. | volvulus |
| Other (types or forms of) obstruction:
Is caused by lack of peristalsis (wave-like muscle contraction), without peristalsis we can not move the food to the different processing station of the digestive tract.
Another cause of this one is also the side effects of surgery. | Ileus |
| Other (types or forms of) obstruction:
A varicose veins in the rectum usually associated by pain and bleeding.
Dilated veins above or below the anus. Two types of hemorrhoids: INTERNAL (painless but there is bleeding) & EXTERNAL (with pain and bleeding) | Hemorrhoids |
| Causes of hemorrhoids: | -Constipation/Straining
-Prolonged sitting
-Chronic diarrhea
-Obesity
-Anal intercourse
-Diet |
| Abdominal distention: causes: | 1. Fat (Obesity)
2. Flatus
3. Fetus (Pregnant
4. Fluid (ascitis) |
| Abdominal distention: causes: 1: Apron-like abdomen. Lift the folds when you examine. | Fat (obesity) |
| Abdominal distention: causes: 2: gaseous distention is due to excessive intestinal gas.
Caused by excessive chewing of bubblegum, drinking soft drinks using a straw | Flatus |
| Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms:
Is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of body weight. | Anorexia or otherwise known as Anorexia Nervosa |
| Abdominal distention: Anorexia: Types: | Restricting
Binge eating and purging |
| Abdominal distention: Anorexia: Types: not eating at all | Restricting |
| Abdominal distention: Anorexia: Types: always eating but after a while she/he will vomit | Binge eating and purging |
| Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: is the pain that is felt in the part of the trunk below the ribs (xiphoid process) and above the pelvis (symphysis pubis) | Abdominal pain |
| Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain: Types: | Generalized
Localized
Crapmping
Colicky |
| Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain: Types: (Virus or indigestion) from xiphoid to symphysis pubis | Generalized |
| Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain: Types: (problem is an organ | Localized |
| Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain: Types:(gas or bloating) | cramping |
| Abdominal distention: Signs and symptoms: abdominal pain: Types: (severe, starts and ends suddenly) ex. Kidney stone and gallstone | Colicky |
| Is the difficulty to pass stool or infrequent bowel movement. | Constipation |
| Considered constipated: | Straining during bowel movement
Hard stools
Incomplete evacuation
Two or fewer bowel movements in a week |
| It is abnormal frequency or urgency of discharge loose watery stool. | Diarrhea |
| Causes of diarrhea: | 1. Virus, bacteria, parasites
2. Medications
3. Lactose Intolerance
4. Other digestive disorders |
| Difficulty swallowing. Sign that there is a problem with throat.
Common patients with Parkinson's disease
The muscles and nerves that help move food through the throat and esophagus are not working right
Concern:
-Pain in swallowing
-Slow movement of food
-Drooling
-Gagging | Dysphagia |
| The muscles and nerves that help move food through the throat and esophagus are not working right. they may also primarily cause dysphagia
they may be caused by: | 1. Stroke, brain or spinal cord injury
2. Nervous system problems
3. Esophageal spasms
4. Any blockage in throat or esophagus |
| Forcible voluntary or involuntary emptying (:throwing up") at stomach contents through the mouth | Vomiting or Emesis |
| Causes of vomiting or Emesis: 1: Shorter periods: | food poisoning, gastric, ulcer |
| Causes of vomiting or Emesis: 2: Longer periods: | food poisoning, bacterial or viral infection |
| Accumuolation of large lump of dry hardened stool in the rectum or sigmoid colon
Caused by:
Long time constipation
medication | fecal impaction |
| Inability to control bowel movements, causing stool (feces) to leak unexpectedly from the rectum
Caused by:
diarrhea
Muscle and nerve damagd (ex. Aging) | Fecal inconfinence |
| Burning sensation in your chest, and throat particularly in the epigastrium, this happens when stomach acid backs up into your esophagus, the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach
Triggered by:
1. Certain foods
2. Alcohol
3. Medications
4. Obesity
5. Stress | Heartburn |
| Vomiting of blood or mix with food that we eat
Caused by:
-esophagus irritation
-nosebleeds
-ulcer, gastritis
-hepatitis, cirrhosis, pancreatic cancer | Hematemesis |
| blood in stool in bright red color
Caused by:
1. Colitis
2. Peptic ulcer
3. Polyp cancer
4. Anal fissure (ulceration of anal canal) | Hematochezia |
| the skin and white of the eyes look yellow due to too much bilirubin. | Jaundice |
| Persistent eating of substances that have no nutritional value.
Patient who have this disorder will have an iron deficiency | Pica |
| passage of fat in large amount in the feces
Characteristics: Pale, bulky, and malodorous stool
Signs and symtptoms:
-melena- black tarry stool: clay-like
-Nausea
-polyphagia (excessive hunger and eating)
-polydipsia (excessive thirst) | Steatorrhea |
| A radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate into the rectum. | Barium enema |
| A rediographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barrium sulfate. (also called upper GI series) | Barium swallow |
| A non-surgial procedure used for visual examination of a cavity or canal using an endoscope (a specialized lighted instrument) | Endoscopy |
| Two types of endoscopy: | Upper GI Endoscopy also knokwn as EGS (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy)
Lower GI Endoscopy |
| Two types of endoscopy: Upper GI Endoscopy also knokwn as EGS (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy) | Looking inside the upper digestive tract- the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy) and the first part of the small intestine called duodenum (duodenoscopy). |
| Two types of endoscopy: Lower GI Endoscopy | Looking inside the colon (colonoscopy), sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy), and rectum and anal canal (proctoscopy) |
| Also known as hemoccult test.
This test is performed on feces using reagent gum guiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not visible on visual inspection. | stool guiac |
| A procedure of feeding through a nasogastric tube into the stomach | Gavage |
| Washing out of a cavity, irrigation | Lavage |
| Is a tube insertion into the stomach for a long-term feeding | PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gasstrostomy): |
| Complete intravenous feeding for one who cannot take in food Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) | Parenteral hyperalimentation |
| A surgical procedure that treat morbid obesity
commonly used of this type of surgeries are:
-vertical banded gastroplasy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass | Bariatric surgery |
| A procedure done to eliminate a stone within the urinary sytem or gallbladder by crushing the stone surgically or using a non-invasive method such as ESWL (Extracorporeal shockwave Lithotripsy).
An ultrasound is used to locate the stone or stones and monitor their destruction. | Lithotripsy |
| Insertion of nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach.
It is used to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, gastric secretions, or food.
It is also used to instill medication, food, or fluids or obtain a specimen for laboratory examinations. | Nasogastric intubation |
| Drugs: Agent that counteracts acidity | Antacid |
| Drugs: Prevents and treats diarrhea by reducing intestinal motility, absorbing irritants, and soothing the intestinal lining | Antidiarrheal |
| Drugs: agents that relieves or prevents nausea and vomiting | amtiemetic |
| Drugs: agent that prevents or relieves flatulence | Anti-flatulent |
| Drugs: agent that relieves spasm | anti-spasmodic |
| Drugs: An agent that causes vomiting | Emetic |
| Drugs: Promotes elimination from the large intestine.
its types includes:
-hyperosmotics, stool softeners, stimulants, and bulk-forming agents. | Laxative |
| Drugs: This drug reduces or decreases the secretion of stomach acid by interfering with the action of histamine at H2 receptors | Histamine H2 antagonists |
