| Can mRNA link with any tRNA? | No, each mRNA codon only matches with one specific tRNA anticodon with a specific amino acid |
| Interphase | cell growth & development phase before division |
| Protein Synthesis | cell grows & develops by synthesizing (making) the proteins that give organisms their traits and characteristics from DNA & RNA |
| DNA Replication | DNA is replicated, so when the cell divides each new cell doesn’t end up with only half the required amount of DNA |
| Checkpoint | newly replicated DNA is checked for errors before the cell divides |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | instructional genetic code for making the proteins that give living things their traits & characteristics
Double Helix shape inside nucleus in Eukaryotic cells |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | single stranded; uses DNA’s instructions to make proteins |
| Nucleotide | Deoxyribose Sugar in DNA or Ribose in RNA
Phosphate (P)
Nitrogen Base:
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine in DNA or Uracil in RNA |
| Amino Acids | monomer building block |
| Functions of Protein | Traits are expressed by proteins
Enzyme proteins catalyze (speed up) chemical rxns
Structure (hair, nails, muscles)
Transport substances
Ex: Hemoglobin allows red blood cells to transport
oxygen
Hormone chemical messengers
Some hormones are also lipids |
| Base Pairing | Hydrogen Bonds connect the nitrogen bases Cytosine to Guanine (“CG”) and Adenine to Thymine (“AT”) in DNA to form double helix or Adenine to Uracil (“AU”) in RNA |
| DNA Replication | Two new sets of DNA are produced. Each set consists of an original template strand and a new complementary strand.While still in the nucleus, the two new sets of DNA begin to condense into Chromatin and eventually into separate structures called Chromosomes |
| When does DNA replication occur? | While still in the nucleus, the two new sets of DNA begin to condense into Chromatin and eventually into separate structures called Chromosomes |
| WHat happens when an error is detected? | If an error is detected, but can’t be corrected, the cell will either not divide or it may actually self-destruct |
| Mutations | random changes in either DNA base letters, genes (which code for proteins) or chromosomes |
| What are the mutations called when they are bad? | Mutagens |
| What is duplication? | It is a change in the genes and chromosomes and can sometimes cause down syndrome |
| What is down syndrome? | Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21 is a third chromosome at “pair 21” causing physical, intellectual disabilities |
| What is translocation? | It is when part of one chromosome breaks off & attaches to another and involves changes in the two chromosomes |
| What can Translocation cause? | Schizophrenia which results in a person seeing hallucinations |
| What is inversion? | It is a change in the genes leaving symptoms to vary |
| Types of RNA | Messenger (mRNA)
Ribosomal (rRNA)
Transfer (tRNA) |
| Transcription | messenger RNA (mRNA) is made, which sends a copy of DNA’s instructional code from the cell nucleus to a protein-making Ribosome organelle outside of the nucleus |
| Translation | ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in Ribosome organelles read and translate mRNA’s copy of DNA’s code to make the instructed protein |
| Ribosomes | cell organelles that read and interpret mRNA’s copy of DNA’s genetic code to make the instructed protein |
| Where are ribosomes located? | Ribosomes are made and located on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum organelle and in the cytoplasm of the cell |
| Transcription | In the cell’s nucleus, an enzyme unzips double helix DNA
The enzyme builds Messenger RNA (mRNA) by matching RNA nucleotide building blocks to the template DNA strand according to proper base pairing rules (C-G and A-U).
The newly built mRNA carries a matching copy of DNA’s instructional code for one gene outside the nucleus |
| Gene | codes for a protein |
| Translation | The mRNA from the nucleus is sent through a Ribosome organelle.
The Ribosome organelle reads the mRNA’s copy of the instructional code three nucleotide nitrogen base letters at a time As the tRNA transfers amino acids, the Ribosome links them together, detaches and condenses into a Protein! |
| Codon | random combination of three nucleotide nitrogen base letters that code for one amino acid building block in a protein |
| Can mRNA link with any tRNA? | No, each mRNA codon only matches with one specific tRNA anticodon with a specific amino acid |
