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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
The study of hantaviruses requires biosafety level (BSL) 4 precautions.	TRUE
Which rickettsial disease can be transmitted by contaminated milk? A) ehrlichiosis B) typhus C) Q fever D) Rocky Mountain spotted fever	C) Q fever
A student travels to Brazil by boat on the Amazon River, without visiting the doctor prior to traveling for recommended vaccinations for travel to South America. The student becomes ill during the trip and is quarantined. Which of the diseases listed below does the student most likely have? A) hantavirus B) yellow fever C) Ebola D) Q fever	B) yellow fever
Control of certain diseases is nearly impossible, because we cannot A) control vector animals. B) control reservoir animals. C) eradicate organisms from the soil. D) control vector and reservoir animals or eradicate organisms from the soil.	D) control vector and reservoir animals or eradicate organisms from the soil.
Which of the following flaviviruses can be prevented by vaccination? A) yellow fever B) dengue fever C) hantavirus D) Ebola	A) yellow fever
Animal diseases transmissible to humans are known as A) vectors. B) zoonoses. C) ferals. D) radicals.	B) zoonoses.
If you were exposed to a sick animal that was found to have negri bodies in its nervous system in a postmortem examination, how would you be treated to prevent disease? A) passive and active immunization against rabies B) antibiotics to treat Lyme disease C) antiviral medication D) observation to detect tick or lice bites	A) passive and active immunization against rabies
Which insect functions in the host-to-host transmission of typhus? A) rat flea B) body louse C) dog tick D) deer tick	B) body louse
Which of the following would be the best strategy to prevent the spread of yellow fever and dengue fever into the southern United States? A) mosquito avoidance and eradication B) vaccination C) monitoring bird populations D) tick avoidance	A) mosquito avoidance and eradication
What type of diseases require biosafety level (BSL) 4 procedures and facilities when working with samples that may be infected? A) highly infectious diseases B) diseases with high mortality C) diseases for which no treatment or vaccine exist D) highly infectious diseases with high mortality for which no treatment or vaccine exist	D) highly infectious diseases with high mortality for which no treatment or vaccine exist
Which of the following diseases CANNOT easily be controlled by vector elimination? A) yellow fever B) dengue fever C) rabies D) plague	C) rabies
Very few preventative measures are taken against anthrax, because A) the general population is not exposed to infected materials or animals regularly. B) non-weaponized anthrax causes only a mild flu-like illness. C) no vaccines are effective. D) the causative agent Bacillus anthracis mutates rapidly.	A) the general population is not exposed to infected materials or animals regularly.
Animal-transmitted diseases are generally spread to accidental hosts by A) direct contact. B) aerosols. C) bites. D) direct contact, aerosols, and bites.	D) direct contact, aerosols, and bites.
Soldiers or refuges in crowded unsanitary conditions are MOST susceptible to which rickettsial disease? A) Lyme disease B) typhus C) Q fever D) Rocky Mountain spotted fever	B) typhus
The hantavirus contains a ________ genome. A) ssRNA B) dsRNA C) ssDNA D) dsDNA	A) ssRNA
Hantaviruses are most commonly transmitted by ________ of virus-contaminated rodent ________. A) inhalation / saliva B) inhalation / excreta C) ingestion / saliva D) ingestion / excreta	B) inhalation / excreta
The rickettsias can be cultured in A) pure culture. B) artificial media. C) laboratory animals. D) pure culture, artificial media, and laboratory animals.	C) laboratory animals.
The rickettsias are divided into groups based loosely on A) the types of clinical disease they produce. B) their insect vectors. C) taxonomy. D) their biochemical requirements.	A) the types of clinical disease they produce.
Which of the following pathogens is spread by infected lice? A) Borrelia burgdorferi B) Plasmodium falciparum C) Rickettsia prowazekii D) Yersinia pestis	C) Rickettsia prowazekii
Which rickettsial disease can lead to endocarditis? A) Q fever B) typhus C) Rocky Mountain spotted fever D) scrub typhus	A) Q fever
Which disease(s) has/have been mistakenly diagnosed as measles or scarlet fever due to similarities in rash appearance? A) Lyme disease B) Q fever C) rickettsial diseases D) typhus	C) rickettsial diseases
What virulence factor(s) of Yersinia pestis prevent(s) phagocytosis by cells of the immune system? A) the capsule B) leukocidins C) murine toxin D) V and W antigens	A) the capsule
Many West Nile virus infections are not properly identified because A) the disease mimics malaria. B) the symptoms are often subacute. C) the disease is frequently fatal. D) most physicians and diagnosticians are not aware of this disease.	B) the symptoms are often subacute.
Which of the following diseases causes an influenza-like illness that can progress to include pneumonia? A) malaria B) Q fever C) typhus D) Lyme disease	B) Q fever
Rickettsial disease detection/identification includes which of the following? A) latex bead agglutination assays B) ELISA C) PCR assays D) latex bead agglutination assays, ELISA, and PCR assays	D) latex bead agglutination assays, ELISA, and PCR assays
The disease whose symptoms are most closely related to the symptoms of chronic syphilis is A) Rocky Mountain spotted fever. B) latent Lyme disease. C) typhus. D) HPS.	B) latent Lyme disease.
Tetanus develops from a puncture wound because A) endospores germinate in anoxic conditions. B) the organism gains access to the circulatory system and then invades the nervous system. C) the organism digests deep connective tissues. D) the organism needs access to the circulatory system and deep connective tissues.	A) endospores germinate in anoxic conditions.
Murine toxin is a ________ that plays a role in both the murine and human forms of the disease. A) Yersinia pestis endotoxin B) Rickettsia prowazekii endotoxin C) Yersinia pestis exotoxin D) Rickettsia prowazekii exotoxin	C) Yersinia pestis exotoxin
In bubonic plague, buboes are swellings formed in the lymph nodes and filled with A) Yersinia pestis. B) Rickettsia prowazekii. C) Xenopsylla cheopis. D) Clostridium tetani.	A) Yersinia pestis.
The primary disease reservoir for plague is A) fleas. B) humans. C) rats. D) mosquitoes.	C) rats.
A person is MOST likely to contract diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever and ehrlichiosis if he or she visits/participates in A) camping and hiking in the backcountry. B) metropolitan cities. C) snow skiing. D) European countries.	A) camping and hiking in the backcountry.
The most severe and fatal form of anthrax is A) cutaneous anthrax. B) inhalation anthrax. C) intestinal anthrax. D) zoonotic anthrax.	B) inhalation anthrax.
Which of the following was an emerging mosquito-borne disease in the early 2000s but has now decreased in frequency? A) malaria B) Rocky Mountain spotted fever C) typhus D) West Nile fever	D) West Nile fever
The causative agent of Lyme disease is ________, which is carried primarily by the ________. A) a flavivirus / Ixodes sp. (deer tick) B) Yersinia pestis / Xenopsylla cheopis (rat flea) C) Rickettsia prowazekii / Culex species (mosquito) D) Borrelia burgdorferi / Ixodes sp. (deer tick)	D) Borrelia burgdorferi / Ixodes sp. (deer tick)
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a viral respiratory disease caused by contact with A) rat fleas. B) rodents. C) mosquitoes. D) bats.	B) rodents.
The causative agent of dengue fever is A) Rickettsia prowazekii. B) a flavivirus. C) Borrelia burgdorferi. D) Clostridium perfringens.	B) a flavivirus.
Controlling most rickettsial diseases involves managing A) the vector. B) human behavior. C) immunization strategies. D) food safety procedures.	A) the vector.
Hantaviruses are related to viruses such as ________ and ________. A) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / Hepatitis C B) Hepatitis A / Hepatitis B C) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / Influenza A D) West Nile virus / Ebola virus	D) West Nile virus / Ebola virus
Emerging diseases are a problem worldwide, even in highly developed regions of the world.	TRUE
If Lyme disease is not treated early, it can infect the central nervous system.	TRUE
Various Ixodes spp., as well as various Borrelia spp., may be involved in the transmission and cause of Lyme disease.	TRUE
The majority of cases of human plague in the United States occur in the northeastern states.	FALSE
Anthrax is an emerging disease for which there is no treatment or vaccine available.	FALSE
Inhalation anthrax is the only form of anthrax for which there is no effective treatment.	TRUE
Both yellow and dengue fever can be prevented by vaccines.	FALSE
Certain Clostridium spp. can be found in the human gut, but Clostridium tetani is almost exclusively present in soil.	TRUE
Deer flies (Chrysops spp.) are a major vector in the spread of typhus.	FALSE
Travelers should be vaccinated against yellow fever when traveling to Sub-Saharan Africa or South America.	TRUE
Only high-risk individuals such as scientists working with the organism, livestock workers, and military personnel are vaccinated for anthrax.	TRUE
Rabies infection in humans leads to symptoms a few days after exposure.	FALSE
Epizootic diseases often occur in wild animals on a periodic or cyclic basis.	TRUE
Erythema migrans is associated with typhus	FALSE
The hantaviruses are occasionally spread by person-to-person transmission, although exposure to infected rodent excretia is the most common route of infection.	TRUE
The hantavirus diagnosis can be made from several different types of ELISAs.	TRUE
There are several different virus-specific treatments and vaccines available to treat or prevent hantavirus infections.	FALSE
Rickettsia prowazekii is transmitted to humans when a louse bite becomes contaminated with louse feces.	TRUE
Tetracycline and chloramphenicol are the drugs of choice for the treatment of many of the rickettsial diseases.	TRUE
Lyme disease is limited almost exclusively to the northeastern United States.	FALSE
A PCR assay has been developed for the detection of the bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi) that causes Lyme disease. Unfortunately this method cannot differentiate between an active disease and a treated or inactive disease.	TRUE
Tetanus is highly contagious through person-to-person contact.	FALSE
Wild animals are a natural reservoir for Clostridium tetani.	FALSE
Virtually ALL cases of tetanus occur in individuals who have failed to receive tetanus toxoid booster immunizations.	TRUE
Septicemic plague usually causes death before a diagnosis can be made.	TRUE
The study of hantaviruses requires biosafety level (BSL) 4 precautions.	TRUE