| What is Frank Starlings law? | the greater the stretch the more forceful the contraction up to a point |
| afterload | resistance against which the ventricle must pump |
| stroke volume | amount of blood ejected in one cardiac cycle |
| cardiac output | amount of blood ejected from the ventricle in liters per minute |
| cardiac output formula | stroke volume times heart rate |
| what is the mediastinum | space between the lungs |
| what could a wide mediastinum mean? | dissected aorta |
| what is the intercostal space | the space between ribs |
| the base of the heart includes | la, some ra, pulmonary veins,svc and ivc |
| anterior surface of the heart | ventricles |
| apex of the heart includes | tip of lv |
| list layers of the heart from outer to inner | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| how much fluid is in the pericardial space | 20ml |
| what vessel goes to the apex of the heart | LAD |
| atrial kick | 10-30% of blood enters ventricles just before end diastolic |
| what is missing in a fib | no P waves, no atrial kick |
| angina equivalence | jaw, arm, and back pain, ekg changes |
| myocardial ischemia | oxygen demand is more than supply |
| chronotropic effect | change in heart rate |
| dromotropic effects | change in speed through av node |
| what is ejection fraction | ventricle wall movement |
| atherosclerosis | the build up plaque in the arteries |
| arteriosclerosis | the thickening and hardening of the artery walls |
| left heart cath and coronaries | arterial access, aorta, left and right coronaries, pressure of left ventricle, left ventriculogram |
| right heart cath | venous access, svc or ivc, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary veins, pulmonary wedge, pulmonary artery. pressures and o2 sats |
| draw 35% and 75% ejection fraction | ta da |
| what is preload? | it is end-diastolic volume |
