| What is garbling? | Garbling is the final step in the preparation of a drug
➢It consists of the removal of extraneous matter, such as other parts of the plant, dirt, and added adulterants.
➢ This is done, to some extent, during collection but should be carried out after the drug is dried and before the drug is baled and packaged. |
| Methods of Collecting Bark | 1 Coppicing
2 Felling
3 Uprooting |
| The practice of cutting trees and shrubs to ground level, promoting vigorous re-growth and a sustainable supply of timber for future generations.
Cutting an established tree down to it’s base instigates the fresh growth of many smaller shoots, which quickly grow upwards towards the sky. | Coppicing |
| This is a very old method of collecting barks.
The tree is cut at base and bark is peeled out. This method is not used at present commercially, since it causes total destruction of trees. | Felling |
| In this method, the roots of plant are dug out of soil and bark is stripped off from roots and branches.
This method is applied for collection of root bark of cinchona in Java. | Uprooting |
| When the term “bark” is used alone, which is referred to – stem or root bark? Why? | The bark is the outer covering of the stems and the roots of woody plants, especially of trees. Its three major components are (1) periderm, (2) cortex, and (3) phloem. |
| a stele in which the vascular cylinder is broken up into a longitudinal series or network of vascular strands around a central pith (as in many ferns) | Dictyostele |
| Two types of Dictyostele | 1 Simple - Arranged in single ring
2 Polycyclic - Arranged in two or more rings |
| What is the grain of wood due to? | As the cambium grows, it generates two types of wood cells. Most of these are long, narrow longitudinal cells that align themselves with the axis of the trunk, limb, or root. These are what give the wood its grain. |
| What is the function of Schlerenchyma? | Sclerenchyma tissue, when mature, is composed of dead cells that have heavily thickened walls containing lignin and a high cellulose content (60%–80%), and serves the function of providing structural support in plants. |
| 1 the most common reserve carbohydrate found in plants, existing as grains of varying size in almost all organs and in large quantities in certain
storage organs.
2 occurs as irregular, angular, white masses or as fine powder. It is odorless and has a slight characteristic taste. | 1 Starch
2 Starch USP |
| Starch grains are generally rounded or oval white. certain small granules generally exhibit a central portion called the __ which appears as a circular
point or as a simple, curved, or multiple rayed cleft and highly refractory to light. | hilum |
| Why must starch study be dried at a relatively low temperature? | It decomposes at high temperatures |
| A group of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates produced by the hydrolysis of starch and glycogen. | Dextrins |
| How are dextrins prepared? | For commercial use dextrin is prepared by heating and drying starch and then treating this starch with HCl (hydrochloric acid) to produce a colorless to yellowish, tasteless and odorless powder which when mixed with water, forms a strong adhesive paste. |
| Natural fermentation produces concentration of alcohol
in the fermenting liquid rarely exceeding __% by volume, because the fermentative
organisms are usually inhibited at such concentration. | 14% |
| 1 When all the sugar is fermented, results to a __ wine
2 where there is an excess sugar, a __ wine is produced.
3 If wine is bottled before fermentation has
ceased, carbonic acid is retained in the wine to form a __ wine as distinguished from a still wine.
4 Carbon dioxide may be fortified by adding __
5 certain wines may be pasteurized to prevent __ formation. | 1 sour or dry
2 sweet
3 sparkling
4 brandy or alcohol.
5 acetic acid |
| 1 is a type of respiration where oxygen is not used; instead, organic or inorganic molecules are used as final electron acceptors
2 another non-oxygen-requiring pathway for breaking down glucose, one that's performed by many types of organisms and cells. In this pathway, the only energy extraction pathway is glycolysis, with one or two extra reactions tacked on at the end. | 1 Anaerobic respiration
2 fermentation |
| Name some products of fermentation | ethanol, lactic acid, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen gas (H2) |
| Embden-Meyerhoff scheme final prodcuts | pyruvate and water molecules. |
| is defined as twice the alcohol (ethanol) content by volume | Proof |
