| Dosage form composed of a solid or mixture of solids
reduced to finely divided state and intended for internal or
external use. | Powder |
| Historical Use of Powder:
1 Internal
2 External | 1 orally, administered thru the nose as snuffs,
or insufflation
2 applied to compromised area of body |
| Applications of Powder | Pneumonics: EADIIP
1 Enable us to easily alter the quantity of medication for
each dose
2 Aid in clinical studies
3 Doses can be individually weighed and placed in powder papers, envelopes, small vials/ bottles
4 Infants, Young children: powder is mixed with a formula or app. Food
5 If drug is bulky, powder is suitable form
6 Provide rapid onset of action> readily dispersed, large surface area, require only dissolution |
| Applications of Powder
1 Infants, Young children:
2 Powder is the suitable form if drug is __
3 Provide rapid onset of action> | 1 powder is mixed with a formula or applied Food
2 bulky
3 readily dispersed, large
surface area, require only dissolution |
| Powder Composition | 1 Properly prepared powders> uniform, small particle
size that has an elegant appearance
2 More stable than liquid, rapidly soluble> drug is
absorbed quickly
3 Large particles settle rapidly than small particles
4 Characteristics must be considered in mixing or
storing, shipping> diff size become segregated
5 Large surface area exposed to atmospheric
conditions> tight containers |
| Should have uniform, small particle size
that will not irritate the skin when
applied
impalpable and free flowing
Easily adhere to skin
Passed through mesh #100 sieve to
minimize skin irritation | Topical Powders |
| Topical Powders
1 should not be used in oozing wounds> form hard crust
2 prevent loss of water> will not cake on oozing surfaces
3 sterilized first to avoid infection | 1 Highly sorptive powders
2 More hydrophobic, water repellent powder
3 Talc |
| Topical powders
1 Base/vehicle:
2 Adherent:
3 aid in absorbing perspiration and gives
cooling effect; flow easily, spread uniformly | 1 cornstarch/talc
2 Mg/Zn stearate
3 Large Surface Area |
| Finely divided powders
Applied in body cavity; ears, nose,
vagina, tooth socket, throat
Insufflator/Puffer: Pt. Puffs desired
quantity in the affected area | Insufflated powders |
| 1 Insufflated powders are appropriate for __
2 moisture-activated adherent incorporated to
powder
Ethylene oxide polymer with Hight Molecular Weight > viscous, mucoadhesive gel
Serves as depot for long term drug delivery | 1 Anti infectives
2 Polyox |
| 1 Dissolution rate of particles intended to dissolve; __ can increase the rate of drug dissolution and its bioavailability
2 Suspendability of particles intended to remain undissolved but uniformly dispersed in a __
3 Uniform distribution of a drug substance in a powder mixture or solid dosage form to ensure __
4 Penetrability of particles intended to be inhaled for deposition deep in the __
5 Lack of grittiness of solid particles in dermal ointments, creams and ophthalmic preparations example | 1 Drug micronization
2 Liquid vehicle (e.g. fine dispersions have particles ~0.5 to 10 micrometers)
3 dose-to-dose content uniformity
4 respiratory tract (e.g. 1 to 5 micrometers)
5 (e.g. fine powders may be 50 to 100 micrometers in size) |
| Comminution of Drugs
1 reduces particle size by grinding
with mortar and pestle
2 Mortar with a rough surface
3 Mortar with smooth surface
4 grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size
5 mills and pulverizers are used | 1 Small scale
2 porcelain mortar
3 glass mortar
4 Trituration or Comminution
5 Large scale |
| 1 Small scale preparation of ointments and suspension to reduce particle size and grittiness of the added powders.
2 Paste is formed by combining __ and __ in which the powder is insoluble. | 1 Levigation (Mortar and pestle or ointment tile)
2 powder, a small amount of liquid (levigating agent) |
| 1 is commonly used to incorporate the materials | 1 Figure 8 track
(Mineral oil and Glycerin) |
| 1 Blending small amounts of powders by movement of spatula through them on a sheet of paper or an ointment tile. | 1 Spatulation |
| 1 Spatulation is not suitable for:
2 Very little compression or compacting of the powder
results from spatulation, suited for __ when in close and prolonged contact with
one another
3 Spatulation inert diluent | 1 large quantities of powders and
powders containing potent substances
2 eutectic mixtures (liquefy)
3 light magnesium oxide, magnesium
carbonate
Pneumonics: LMO, MC |
| 1 Employed to comminute and to mix powders
2 simple admixture
3 small amount of potent subs is to be mixed with large amount of diluent | 1 Trituration
2 Mortar
3 Geometric dilution
-Ensure uniform distribution of potent drug
-Potent drug with equal volume of diluent in a mortar |
