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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
the study of heredity, which is the inheritance of traits and characteristics passed on to the next generation	genetics
if something is inherited or inheritable it is	hereditary
the gene variation an individual possesses for a particular trait	genotype
different variations of the same gene trait represented as uppercase and lowercase letters; genotypes consist of two ______ letters, one comes from and one from dad	alleles
hides the expression of the other allele’s trait	dominant allele
hidden by the dominant allele’s trait	recessive allele
same two uppercase or lowercase letters (also known as purebred)	homozygous genotype
different letters; one capital, one lowercase (also known as hybrid)	heterozygous genotype
how the genotype is physically expressed; the physical appearance	phenotype
alleles separate during the formation of sex cell gametes	law of segregation
predicts the outcome probability of genetic crosses	punnett square
In ratios, does the more dominant version come first	yes
what is this: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt	a genotypic ratio
what is this: 3 Tall : 1 Short	a phenotypic ratio
what is a two gene punnett square	a dihybrid cross
genes can separate during the formation of sex cells gametes and do not have to be linked or inherited together	law of independent assortment
How did Mendel figure out the possible gamete combinations written along the two axes of his dihybrid cross?	he foiled each parent's genotype
what are the results when you put rr x Rr into a punnett square	2 Rr and 2 rr
in a dihybrid cross how many results are there	16
some genes are often passed down together true or false	true
both alleles are equally as dominant so both are expressed side by side at the same time in a third phenotype	codominance
when one allele is not completely dominant over another resulting in a third mixed phenotype	incomplete dominance
genes with more than two alleles resulting in more than just two phenotypes	multiple alleles
traits controlled by two or more genes resulting in many phenotypes	polygenic traits
the sex of an individual depends on the presence or absence of a Y chromosome. A male’s sex genotype is XY while a female’s is XX.	sex chromosomes
every other chromosome in your body because there’s only one pair of sex chromosomes per individual	autosomes
only located on the “X” sex chromosome	x-linked traits
a heterozygous individual carrying a hidden recessive trait who therefore remains unaffected by that trait	carrier
what are some examples of a polygenic trait	skin, hair, and eye color
are x linked traits more common in males or females?	males
what is used to trace a family’s genotypes and phenotypes and therefore autosomal or X-linked traits	pedigrees
in a pedigree what are the squares	males
in a pedigree what are the circles	females
in a pedigree what does it mean when the shape is shaded? It is a(n)	expressed trait
in a pedigree what does it mean when the shape is half-shaded? It is a(n)	carrier
in a pedigree what does it mean when the shape is crossed out? It is what	deceased
non sex chromosomes	autosomes
a male’s sex genotype is XY while a female’s is XX	sex chromosomes
only ever located on “X” sex chromosomes	X-linked trait
a heterozygous individual carrying a hidden recessive trait who therefore remains unaffected by that trait	carrier
diagrams used to diagnose chromosomal disorders in humans who should normally have no more and no less than 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs	karyotypes
the 23rd pair are our Sex Chromosomes. Y chromosomes are shorter than X chromosomes because it only carries male developmental genes so a male’s _________ will have two different sized chromosomes at pair 23 while females will have the same size.	male/female karyotypes
allows scientists to compare & identify an individual’s DNA pattern	gel electrophoresis
manipulating the genetic material of living organisms	genetic engineering
when a strand of DNA transforms because it has acquired and incorporated pieces of foreign DNA	DNA transformation
label:	plasmid donor gene donor isolated gene isolation of bacterial plasmid plasmid opened with reconstruction enzyme dna ligase binds ends together recombinant dna molecule transformation of fresh bacterium chromosome donor gene transcription mrna translation protein product
combining a DNA plasmid from a bacterium with a gene of interest from a different organism to copy that gene and produce the protein associated with it so it came be inserted into an organism for engineering purposes	recombinant dna
extra circular DNA in bacteria, that’s separate from its main DNA chromosome, because it contains genes that are only expressed under special conditions	plasmids
What are: Bacteria that produce diesel fuel Cows that pass less gas Water filtering plants Pigs that absorb more phosphorus Banana vaccinators for cholera and hepatitis Onions that don’t make you cry Apples that don’t turn brown Web-spinning goat milk	examples of gmos
what was the first ever clone animal and when where they cloned	dolly the sheep, 1996