| In science and technology, this refer to the series of events that led to the emergence of modern science and the progress of scientific thinking across critical periods in history.
Involved two-stage process of sweeping away the old and establishing the new by the words of Jean Sylvain Bailley (1976 in Cohen, 1976)
in itself, are paradigm shifts | Intellectual revolution |
| Refers to the 16th-century paradigm shift named after the Polish mathematician and astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus | Copernican revolution |
| The Copernican revolution refers to the 16th-century paradigm shift named after the Polish mathematician and astronomer? | Nicolaus Copernicus |
| Copernicus formulated what model of the universe? | heliocentric model |
| At the same time (16th-century, same time for Nicolaus Copernicus), the belief was that the Earth was the center of the Solar System based on the geometric model of? | Ptolemy or Ptolemaic model |
| Copernicus introduced the heliocentric model in? | a 40 page outline entitled commentariolus |
| Copernicus formalized his model in the publication of? | his treatise, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (The Revolution of Celestial Spheres) in 1543 |
| What is heliocentric model as to how Nicolaus Copernicus introduced? | In his model, Copernicus repositioned the Earth from the center of the Solar System and introduced the idea that the Earth rotates on its own axis.
The model illustrated the Earth, along with other heavenly bodies, to be rotating around the Sun |
| What idea proved to be unsettling to many When Copernicus first introduced his model | The idea that the Sun is at the center of the universe instead of the Earth |
| Copernican Revolution: In fact, the heliocentric model was met with huge resistance, primarily from?
b: At the time, the idea that it was not the Earth, and, by extension, not man, that was at the center of all creation was unthinkable | the Church, accusing Copernicus of heresy
b: Copernicus faced the persecution from the church because of this |
| Copernican Revolution: despite problems with the model and the persecution of the Church, the heliocentric model was soon accepted by other scientists of the time, most profoundly by? | Galileo Galilei |
| Copernican Revolution: The Copernican Revolution served as a catalyst to? | sway scientific thinking away from age-long views about the position of the Earth relative to an enlightened understanding of the Universe. |
| Copernican Revolution: This marked the beginning of? | modern astronomy |
| Copernican Revolution: Was capped off by whose work a century later? | The Three Laws of Motion and Universal Law of Gravity and in relation to prior work of Johannes Kepler (Using Lawton's work to explain Kepler's Observations of Planetary motion) |
| Copernican Revolution: This marked the turning point in the study of?
making it a truly important intellectual revolution | cosmology and astronomy |
| is credited for stirring another important intellectual revolution in the mid-19th century.
His treatise on the science of evolution, On The Origin of Species, was published in 1859 and began a revolution that brought humanity to a new era of intellectual discovery. | The English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, Charles Darwin |
| The English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, Charles Darwin is credited for stirring another important intellectual revolution in the mid-19th century.
What Darwin's treatise on the science of evolution, began a revolution that brought humanity to a new era of intellectual discovery. | On The Origin of Species, was published in 1859 |
| The Darwinian Revolution benefitted from?
such that it was guided by confidence in human reason's ability to explain phenomena in the universe. | earlier intellectual revolutions |
| For his part, Darwin gathered evidence pointing to what is now known as?
an evolution process by which organisms, including humans, inherit, develop, and adapt traits that favored survival and reproduction.
There traits are manifested in offsprings that are more fit and well-suited to the challenges of survival and reproduction. | National selection |
| Critics accused the theory of National Selection of Charles Darin of being? | either short in accounting for the broad and complex evolutionary process or dismissive of the idea that the functional design of organisms was a manifestation of an omniscient god. |
| Through the Darwinian Revolution, the development of organisms and the origin of unique forms of life and humanity could be rationalized by? | a lawful system or an orderly process of change underpinned by laws of nature. |
| Is credited for stirring a 20th-century intellectual revolution named after him, The Freudian Revolution. | Sigmund Freud |
| As a school of thought in psychology is at the center of this revolution
a scientific method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one's personality, springing from free associations, dreams, and fantasies of the individual. | Psychoanalysis |
| Psychoanalysis immediately shot into controversy for it emphasized? | the existence of the unconscious where feelings, thoughts, urges, emotions, and memories are contained outside of one's conscious mind. |
| Psychoanalytic concepts of psychosexual development, libido, and ego, from the many scholars, were met with? | both support and resistance. |
| Freud suggested that humans are inherently? | pleasure-seeking individuals |
| Scientists working on a biological approach in studying human behavior criticized psychoanalysis for?
Particularly? | lack of vitality and bordering on being unscientific as a theory.
the notion that "all" humans are destined to exhibit Oedipus and Electra complexes (i.e., sexual desire towards the parent of the opposite sex and exclusion of the parent of the same sex) did not seem to be supported by empirical data. |
| it appeared to critics that psychoanalysis, then, was more of an?
than a scientific one | ideological stance |
| Amidst controversy, Freud's psychoanalysis is widely credited for dominating? | psychotherapeutic practice in the early 20th century
Psychodynamic therapies that treat a myriad of psychological disorders still remain largely informed by Freud's work on psychoanalysis |
| Psychodynamic therapies that treat a myriad of psychological disorders still remain largely informed by? | Freud's work on psychoanalysis |
| Science and technology in the Philippines had its beginnings during the? | precolonial times |
| During this (precolonial time/) period, people used what to treat illnesses? | herbal medicine |
| During this (precolonial time/) period, science: predict seasons and calamities by? | interpreting the movements of heavenly bodies |
| During this (precolonial time/) period, science: interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to? | predict seasons and climates |
| During this (precolonial time/) period, science: is focused on food production and to provide them food, they? | plant/planting crops; and
taking care of animals |
| Pre-colonial or pre-Spanish Philippines: Technology: They can, learn, create, know how to: | building houses,
irrigations,
developing tools,
making musical instruments |
| Pre-colonial or pre-Spanish Philippines: used by the people belonged in upper class or royal families | Jewelry |
| During precolonial period, To facilitate trading, Filipinos made use of? | writing, numerical, measurement, and calendar systems |
| During precolonial period, What were the first livelihood skills developed by Filipinos? | Farming, fishing, mining, and weaving were the first livelihood skills developed by Filipinos |
| Spanish Colonization: significance of/to science and technology: | Established schools and introduced the concepts of subjects and disciplines.
Learning of science in school focuses on understanding different concepts related to the human body, plants, animals, and bodies.
Technology focuses on using and developing house tools
The country became one of the centers of global trade in SEA (SouthEast Asia),one of the most developed places in the region |
| Spanish Colonization: significance of/to science and technology: Technology focuses on? | using and developing house tools |
| What were the life during the Spanish era? | became modernized
Filipinos replicated technology brought by the Spaniards using indigenous materials |
| Life during the Spanish Era: Filipinos replicated technology brought by the Spaniards using? | indigenous materials |
| Spanish colonization/era: Was supplied by merchants largely from port areas of Fujian who traveled to Manila to sell the Spaniards spices, porcelain, ivory, processed silk cloth and other valuable commodities. | The Galleon Trade |
| Spanish colonization/era: what halted the growth of science in the country? | Superstitious beliefs and Catholic doctrines |
| During the Spanish colonial period, science and technology developed through the establishment of? | formal education institutions and the launching of scientific organizations. |
| During the Spanish colonial period, Schools were mandated to teach? | religion, mathematics, reading and writing, music and arts, and health and sanitation. |
| True or False: During the Spanish colonial period, Medicine and biology were taught in the same educational and training institutions i.e. Nursing education of Capitol University along with education, maritime, IT, and business courses. | False
Medicine and biology were taught in the same educational and training institutions. |
| During the Spanish colonial period, Since agriculture was the major livelihood of Filipinos, the natives were then trained to? | use innovative approaches in farming |
| During the Spanish colonial period, To construct buildings, churches, bridges, roads, and forts, what was introduced and developed as well? | engineering |
| The American period: Significance: | More influence in the Development of Science and Technology
Public education system
Improved engineering works and health of the people
Mineral resources were explored and exploited
"Americanize" the Filipinos (Reorganized the learning of science, in basic education, science education focuses nature studies and science and sanitation) |
| American Period: Health and sanitation: Filipinos learned the value of? | cleanliness, proper hygiene and healthy practices |
| American Period: Health and Sanitation: what were established? | Hospitals, clinics and health centers were established including public hospitals for lepers |
| American Period: Infrastructure:
a) Americans built? and what were also built (additionally)
b) The new infrastructure helped? | Americans built roads and bridges; Boulevards, zone district, and centers for leisure were also built
The new infrastructure helped make the movement of products and services more efficient |
| American Period: The New Republic: | Focusing on using its limited resources in improving S&T capability
Use of Overseas Development Allocation to improve scientific productivity and technological capability
Human resource development |
| Development of S&T in the Philippines are influenced by? | Internal (survival, culture, economic activities) influences; and
external (Foreign colonizers, Traders with foreign countries, International Economic demands) influences |
| Government policies on science and technology: Introduced and implemented programs, projects and policies to? | boost science and technology |
| Government policies on science and technology: Goal | Prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven by science |
| The NCRP (National Research Council of the Philippines) clustered these policies into four: | Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance
Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research,
Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry |
| The NCRP (National Research Council of the Philippines) clustered these policies into four:
Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education without adding to the curriculum
Emphasizing teaching in the mother tongue
Developing school infrastructure and providing for ICT broadband
Local food security | Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance |
| The NCRP (National Research Council of the Philippines) clustered these policies into four:
Emphasizing degrees, license, and employment opportunities
Outright grants for peer monitoring
Review of RA 9184
Harnessing science and technology as an independent mover of development | Physics, Engineering, and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics |
| The NCRP (National Research Council of the Philippines) clustered these policies into four:
Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards by full implementation of the FDA
Creating an education council dedicated to standardization of pharmaceutical services and care
Empowering food and drug agencies to conduct evidence-based research as pool of information
Allocating 2% of the GDP to research
Legislating a law supporting human genome projects | Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Science |
| The NCRP (National Research Council of the Philippines) clustered these policies into four:
Protecting and conserving biodiversity by full implementation of existing laws
Use of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN countries
Promoting indigenous knowledge systems and indigenous people's conservation
Formulation of common food and safety standards | Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry |
| Americans: Was former 'Laboratorio Municipal' and was replaced by it under the United States' Department of Interior.
This was (bureau) was established for the purpose of studying tropical diseases and pursuing other related research projects.
Eventually, in 1905, the Bureau was changed to Bureau of Science, which became the main research center of the Philipines. | bureau of Government Laboratories |
| Americans: Bureau of Government Laboratories was former/former known as 'what?' and was replaced by it under the United States' Department of Interior. | Laboratorio Municipal |
| Americans: Bureau of Government Laboratories was established for the purpose of? | studying tropical diseases and pursuing other related research projects. |
| Americans: Eventually, in what year, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was changed to Bureau of Science, which became the main research center of the Philipines. | 1905 |
| Americans: Eventually in 1905, the Bureau of Government Laboratories was changed to?
which became the main research center of the Philippines. | Bureau of Science |
| Americans: The national Research Council of the Philippines was established in what year? | 1933 |
| Developments in science and technology during the American regime were focused on? | agriculture, medicine, and pharmacy, food processing, and forestry |
| In 1946, the bureau of Science was replaced by the? | Institute of Science |
| The bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in what year? | 1946 |
| During the time of former President Ferdinand Marcos, the role of science and technology in/for the purpose of 'what' was emphasized?
para asa? | national development or otherwise known, termed, coined, or quoted as, "Nation building" |
| President Ferdinand Marcos mandated 'what?', now known as the Department of Education (DepEd), to promote science courses in public high schools. | Department of Education and Culture |
| True or False: Additional budget for research projects in applied sciences and science education was granted by Marcos. | True |
| President Ferdinand Marcos time: A big chunk of the war damage fund from the Japanese was donated to?
and for? | ... was donated to private universities and colleges for the creation of science and technology-related courses and promote research. |
| President Ferdinand Marcos time: The 35-heactare lot in Bicutan, Taguig was proclaimed in 1968 as 'what?', now the site of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). | Philippine Science Community |
| President Ferdinand Marcos time: The 35-heactare lot in Bicutan, Taguig was proclaimed in 'what year?' as Philippine Science Community, now the site of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST). | 1968 |
| President Ferdinand Marcos time: Was tasked to promote the modernization of the coconut industry. | The Philippine Coconut Research Institute (PHILCORIN) |
| President Ferdinand Marcos time: Several agencies and organizations were then established like the: 1-11 | [1] Philippine Textile Research Institute, [2] Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (now the Philippine Nuclear Institute), [3] National Grains Authority (now the National Food Authority), [4] Philippine Council for Agricultural Research (now the Philippine for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development), [5] Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), [6] Philippine National Oil Company, [7] Plant Breeding Institute, [8] International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), [9] Bureau of Plant Industry, [10] Bureau of Forest Products, and the [11] National Committee on Geological Sciences. |
| President Ferdinand Marcos time: The National Science Development board (NSDB) was reorganized as 'what?' in 1981. | the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) |
| President Ferdinand Marcos time: The National Science Development board (NSDB) was reorganized as the National Science and Technology Authority in what year? | 1981 |
| In 1976, Marcos established what? to be the reservoir of scientific and technological expertise in the country? | National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) |
| Marcos established what? to be the reservoir of scientific and technological expertise in the country in what year? | 1976 |
| In 1986, Under President Corazon Aquino, NSTA (National Academy of Science and Technology) was renamed?
This was done in order for the science and technology sector to be represented in the cabinet and thus play an integral role in the country's sustainable economic growth. | DOST (Department of Science and Technology) |
| NSTA (National Academy of Science and Technology) was renamed DOST (Department of Science and Technology) in what year and by/under? | in 1986 under President Corazon C. Aquino |
| President Corazon C. Aquino time: The Science and Technology Master Plan penned by DOST aimed to? | update the production sector, improve research activities, and develop infrastructures for the science and technology sector. |
| In 1987, during the presidency of Fidel Ramos, the Philippines had approximately how many competent scientists and engineers?
Incentives were given to people who played significant roles in the science and technology sector | 3000 |
| President Fidel V. Ramos time: What program made healthcare accessible even in far-flung areas in the country? | "Doctors to the Barrio" program |
| President Fidel V. Ramos time: was created for high school students who wanted to major in science and engineering in college. | The National program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology |
| President Fidel V. Ramos time: It was also during Ramos' term that a number of laws and statutes related to the science and technology sector were mandated such as: | RA 8439: Magna Carta for Scientist Engineers, Researchers and other Science and Technology Personnel in Government;
RA 7687: Science and Technology scholarship Act of 1994;
RA 7459: Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act; and
RA 8293: The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines |
| RA 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 and RA 8792: Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 were both signed and mandated during the term of?
He was also responsible for implementing cost-effective irrigation technologies and providing basic health care services for those who could not afford them. | President Joseph Estrada |
| During the administration of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the science and technology sector were developed to? | strengthen the education system and to address poverty. |
| President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo time: What term was coined to refer to the Philippines as an innovation hub in Asia? | Filipinnovation |
| President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo time: Arroyo also promulgated 'what?', to utilize indigenous materials as sources of energy.
However, the act was not able to produce positive outcomes because of the lack of technology to source raw materials. | RA 9367: Biofuels Act |
| President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo time: The RA 9367: Biofuels Act was not able to produce positive outcomes because of? | the lack of technology to source raw materials |
| President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo time: It was also in Arroyo's term that farmers were encouraged to use rice that can? | withstand environmental hazards |
| President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo time: A RA or law that was also passed to modernize agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment | RA 10601: Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech) |
| In 2014, President Benigno Aquino III named new National Scientists namely: | Gavino C. Trono for Marine Biology,
Angel C. Alcala for Biological Science,
Ramon C. Barba for Horticulture, and
Edgardo D. Gomez also for Marine Biology |
| Today, in the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte, the science and technology sector is seen to be a priority based on the budget for? | research and development (R&D) that grew by nearly six times over the same period |
| President Rodrigo Duterte time: The focus of DOST is to? | put results of R&D into commercialization in order to gain new intellectual properties. |
| President Rodrigo Duterte time: Currently, the Philippines has the Philippine Space Technology Program which launched? | Diwata-2 in 2018 after the launch of Diwata-1 in 2016 that displayed the Philippine flag in space. |
| President Rodrigo Duterte time: Currently, the Philippines has what program? which launched Diwata-2 in 2018 after the launch of Diwata-1 in 2016 that displayed the Philippine flag in space. | the Philippine Space Technology Program |
