| What is the pH scale? | indication of hydrogen ion concentration, runs from below 0 t above 14 |
| concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a neutral solution | equal concentrations |
| Why is water neutral? | it dissociates according to the equation H20 ⇌ H + OH producing equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions, at any time only a few water molecules are dissociated into free ions |
| What does ⇌ mean? | indicates that a reaction is reversible and occurs in both directions |
| acidic solutions and ion concentrations | higher concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions |
| alkaline solutions and ion concentrations | higher concentration of hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions |
| What happens if you dilute an acidic solution with water? | the concentration of hydrogen ions will decrease and the pH will increase towards 7 |
| soluble non-metal oxides dissolve in water to form...? | acidic solutions |
| soluble metal oxides dissolve in water to form...? | alkaline solutions |
| What does a metal oxide and water make | a metal hydroxide |
| types of bases | metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates and ammonia |
| What happens if you dissolve a base in water? | forms an alkaline solution |
| What is a neutralisation reaction? | a reaction in which a base reacts with an acid to form water, a salt is also formed in this reaction |
| metal oxide+an acid= | water and a salt |
| metal hydroxide+an acid= | water and a salt |
| metal carbonate+an acid= | water and a salt and carbon dioxide |
| What kind of salt does hydrochloric acid produce? | chlorides |
| What kind of salt does sulfuric acid produce? | sulfates |
| What kind of salt does nitric acid produce? | nitrates |
| What are spectator ions? | ions that remain unchanged by the reaction |
| Insoluble metal carbonates and insoluble metal oxides can be used to produce what? | soluble salts |
| How is a salt made? | excess base is added to the appropriate acid, the mixture is filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness |
