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level: level 5

Questions and Answers List

level questions: level 5

Question	Answer
BIOLOGICS FOR PASSIVE IMMUNITY	1 Human Immune Sera and Globulins (Homologous Sera) 2 Animal Immune Sera (Heterologous Sera)
They include IMMUNOGLOBULIN and HYPERIMMUNE SERA for specific diseases. These contain the specific antibodies obtained from the blood of humans and produced as a result of having had the specific disease or having been immunized against it with a specific biologic product.	Human Immune Sera and Globulins (Homologous Sera)
The source of homologous sera	pooled plasma of adult donors
Processing steps for Human Immune Sera and Globulins (Homologous Sera) include:	1 Fractional precipitation (e.g., with cold ethanol) 2 Maintaining rigorous control of pH; and 3 Ionic strength
Further purification takes place with a finished biologic product that contains n.l.t 15% and n.m.t 18% protein. There are exceptions such as the varicella-zoster immunoglobulins (VZIGs) which contain n.l.t 10% proteins.	.
have the greatest value for the treatment of acute disease, although they are also useful in some instances to prevent illness when immediate protection is needed.	Sera
Most commonly employed immune sera are prepared by immunization of horses against the specific immunogen (e.g., toxin, venom). This category includes the antitoxins and antivenins	Animal Immune Sera (Heterologous Sera)
Animal Immune Sera (Heterologous Sera) active components after plasma is harvested:	1 Immunologically active (immunoglobulins) 2 Immunologically inactive (albumins, clotting factors)
The immunologically active component is treated with __ to remove the complement-activating component of the molecules and render it less immunogenic. Then, the active component is recovered through dialysis and fractional precipitation or centrifugation.	pepsin
are produced by inoculating horses with increasing doses of the toxoids and exotoxins.	Antitoxins
are produced similarly, by inoculating horses with the venom of selected species and harvesting the plasma.	Antivenins
Before using these products (ANTITOXIN AND VENINS), precautions must be taken to ensure the safety of the patient, who may be sensitive to horse protein. Sensitivity tests may be undertaken to detect any dangerous hypersensitivity.	.