| Infancy | Age: Birth to 1 year old
basic trust vs mistrust |
| toddler | age: 1-3
autonomy vs shame and doubt |
| preschool | age: 4-6
initiative vs guilt |
| school age | age: 7-11
industry vs inferiority |
| adolescence | age: 12-19
identity vs role confusion |
| young adulthood* | age: 20-44
intimacy vs self isolation |
| middle adulthood* | age: 45-65
generativity vs stagnation |
| late adulthood* | age: 65+
ego integrity vs despair |
| disengagement stage | that period of family life when the grown children depart from the home |
| senescence stage | last stage of the life cycle
requires individual to cope with large range of changes |
| new adaptation changes for grandparenting role | change in one's role
change in identity
independency away from kin
no responsibility for grandkids |
| developmental tasks of early adulthood | -achieve financial and social independence
-accepts self and others
-decides on marriage, career, and children
-distinguishes love and permanent commitment
-maximizes personal worth |
| Erickson's Intimacy | -accepts capacity of closeness towards another person
-leads to commitment, sharing, and compromising |
| Erickson's Mark of an Early Adult | resolution of
-conflicting demands of intimacy
-competitiveness
-distance
development of ethical sense |
| Rest and Sleep-Early Adult | -7 to 9 hours of sleep
-no schedule daytime rest opportunities
-increase productivity to obtain adequate rest(essential for pregnant women |
| Benefits to Physical Activity(early adult) | -increases heart and lung capacity
-lowers blood pressure
-helps control weight
-enhances body function
-improves emotional health
-sex drive continues for men and women |
| Safety for Early Adult | injuries common to
-work accidents
-vehicle accidents
-sports accidents
-violence |
| Physical Characteristics of Middle Adult | -bone mass decreases
-increased risk of osteoporosis
-women lose calcium after menopause
-slight changes of height begin as well as hardening of collagen fibers
-changes in muscle strength
-basic neurologic function remains at a high level |
| presbyopia | -defect in vision in advancing age that involves loss of accommodation or the recession of the near point |
| presbycusis | -a normal progressive, age associated loss of hearing acuity, speech intelligibility, auditory threshold, and pitch (begin around 40) |
| hormonal changes in women | -declining of progesterone
-estrogen |
| menopause | gradual that takes about 5 years to complete |
| signs and symptoms of menopause | -irregular menstrual periods
-flow changes
-excess fluid retention
-breast tenderness
-hot flashes
-palpitations
-night sweats
-irritability/mood swings |
| Erickson's Middle Adulthood | -generativity vs stagnation
-accepting responsibility for and offering guidance to the next generation |
| developmental tasks of middle adulthood | -balances goals and realities and redirects energies
-extends caring and concern beyond immediate family
-develops career and job satisfaction
-adapts to physical changes
-establishes new roles and relationships with family |
| autoimmune theory | -the body becomes less able to recognize or tolerate the "self"
-supported by the increased accumulation of lymphocytes (plasma found in the tissues of healthy older people) |
| affected organs of the aging process | -thymus
-bone marrow |
| impacts of the thymus and bone marrow | thymus-decreases in size and weight and becomes less able to produce T cells
bone marrow- reduced efficiency in performing certain functions |
| genetics in aging | -our lifespan could be determined by our genes
-several genes affect the process of aging |
| musculoskeletal system | muscles, bones, joints, and CT |
| normal changes in musculoskeletal system | -mineral salts move from bones to blood
-ligaments less elastic
-increase in joint stiffness w/ less ROM
-less joint mobility, agility, and endurance
-thinning of vertebral discs |
| nursing interventions for the musculoskeletal system | -maintain mobility
-encourage exercise
-encourage passive and active exercises |
| special senses of aging | -taste
-smell
-vision
-hearing |
| normal changes in taste and smell of aging | -decline in taste and smell perception |
| normal changes in vision of aging | -decreases tear production
-increase in lens density
-slowing of accommodation |
| normal changes in hearing of aging | -presbycusis(difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds)
-increase in degenerative changes within ear structure
-increase in buildup of wax production |
| nursing interventions of taste and smell | -use smoke detectors
-serve attractive, colorful food |
| nursing interventions of vision | -encourage annual eye examinations
-use more diffuse lighting
-place articles within visual field |
| nursing interventions of hearing | -speak slowly, clearly
-face individual
-speak in lower tones
-control background noise
-encourage use of hearing aids if available |
| normal changes in cardiovascular system | -fewer blood cells produced
-loss of elasticity and narrowing of blood vessels
-increase in bp
-valves thicker
-more rigid
-heart needs more time to return to resting state
-decreased cardiac output |
| nursing interventions for cardiovascular system | -encourage regular, paced exercise with adequate rest periods
-maintain low-fat and low-sodium diets
-obtain regular physician examinations |
| Erikson's late adulthood ego integrity | -evaluation of one's life and accomplishments, find satisfaction and meaning
-reminiscing with others and validates meaning and importance of the individual's life |
| Erikson's late adulthood despair | -feeling of restlessness
-sense of panic that "time is running out"
-feels the need for more time and a chance to do things over again |
| Nutrition for Late Adulthood | -higher quality of food with lowered quantity
-generally, less active and have more adipose tissue |
| common threats of nutrition to late adulthood | -poor oral health
-lack of appetite
-food intolerances
-constipation |
| safety tips for the older adult | -get up slowly from a lying-flat position
-if self-medicating, use dispensing aids to decrease the risk of error
-wear properly fitting shoes and clothing
-allow enough time, do not rush or hurry |
