| what is an order of magnitude | a division or multiplication by ten
(between 1m and 10m there is one order of magnitude) |
| what are fundamental particles | particles which cannot be broken down into any smaller/ sub particles |
| what are the three types of fundamental particles | quarks
leptons
bosons |
| what are fermions | the group of fundamental particles that give rise to matter |
| what are the two groups of fermions | quarks
leptons |
| what are the three pairings/generations of matter quarks | up & down
charm & strange
top & bottom |
| what are the six types of matter leptons | electron, electron neutrino
muon, muon neutrino
tau, tau neutrino |
| what is meant by antimatter | particles which have the same mass but opposite charge to their matter partners |
| what are hadrons | combining quarks
formed when quarks combine |
| under what conditions only can hadrons exist | when their constituent parts give a whole number charge
ie, 0 or 1 |
| what are the two groups of hadrons | baryons
mesons |
| what are baryons made of | three quarks |
| what are mesons made of | quark - antiquark pair |
| give examples of baryons | neutron
proton
anti proton |
| give example of mesons | pion
kion
upsilon |
| what is the name given to the interactions that occur between leptons, baryons and mesons | fundamental forces |
| what are the four fundamental fources | strong nuclear force
weak nuclear force
electromagnetic force
gravitational force |
| what is given to the name of the force mediating particles associated with each fundamental force | gauge bosons |
| what is the force mediating particle of electromagnetic force | photons |
| what is the electromagnetic force | a combination of the electrostatic and magnetic force |
| what is the function of the electromagnetic force | holds electrons within atoms |
| what are the force mediating particles of weak nuclear force | W and Z bosons |
| what is the function of the weak nuclear force | involved in radioactive beta decay experienced in quark and lepton interactions |
| what is the force mediating particle of strong nuclear force | Gluons |
| what is the function of the strong nuclear force | holds protons together in the nucleus of an atom |
| what is the force mediating particle associated with the gravitational force | Graviton |
| what is the function of the gravitational force | it holds matter in planets, stars and galaxies together |
| what is the symbol and charge of an up quark | u
2/3 |
| what is the symbol and charge of a down quark | d
-1/3 |
| what is the symbol and charge of a charm quark | c
2/3 |
| what is the symbol and charge of a strange quark | s
-1/3 |
| what is the symbol and charge of a top quark | t
2/3 |
| what is the symbol and charge of a bottom quark | b
-1/3 |
| what happens when matter and antimatter meet | they annihilate (both particles destroyed) release energy as 2 gamma ray photons photons move off in opposite directions to conserve momentum |
| what is annihilation evidence for | the existence of anti matter |
| what is the notation for anti particle | add a bar to the top of the original particle |
| what is beta decay | emission of an electron by a nucleus |
| what are the two types of beta decay | B- decay
B+ decay |
| what is emitted during B- decay | electron antineutrino |
| what is beta decay evidence for | existence of the neutrino |
| what is the equation for B- decay | ... |
| describe B- decay | a fast moving electron is emitted by the nucleus
in order to emit an electron one of the neutrons in the nucleus decays to a proton and an electron
the new proton remains in the nucleus while the electron is emitted as a beta particle.
An electron anti-neutrino is also emitted. |
