| what are the four tenets of conservation biology being value laden and mission driven? | -diversity of organisms is good
-ecological complexity is good
-facilitate evolution: vital for population
-biotic diversity has intrinsic value |
| what are the four tenets of conservation biology being value laden and mission driven? | -diversity of organisms is good
-ecological complexity is good
-facilitate evolution: vital for population
-biotic diversity has intrinsic value |
| what was the significance of the US congress approving the bill for Yellowstone National Park? | -natural heritage made accessible to everyone
-uniquely democratic
-the "greatest idea in American history"-emulated worldwide |
| what is the definition of conservation biology? | a crisis discipline whose goal is to provide principles and tools for preserving biodiversity |
| what are the four ethical roots and foundations of conservation? | -all living creatures possess intrinsic value
-land ethics
-physical environments and living organisms perform vital services that support ecosystems and human civilization
-the physical environment and its creatures ass value and virtue to the experience of being human |
| why were early domestic livestock farms not needed? | there was an abundance of wildlife to use for food |
| what is the name of the expedition that explored the Louisiana purchase? | washburn expedition |
| why was the idea of yellowstone being preserved significant in the aspect of the economy at the time? | there was a lot of revenue that could have been generated from things such as waterfalls(hydroelectric), bison(agriculture), and trees(timber) |
| when was the endangered species act passed? | 1969 |
| who was john Muir? | man of faith that created the sierra club. he asked the essential question in American conservation, "what is the best use of nature and natural resources?" |
| who was the creator of the model for nongovernmental conservation organizations? | John Muir |
| what are the key aspects(4) of a nongovernmental conservation organization? | -focused mission
-political involvement
-public disclosure
-legislative disclosure |
| when does authentic conservation occur? | when, resource use is < maximum sustainable rates; we forgo using some resources |
| what are the origins of conservation policy? | -Muir created the model for nongovernmental conservation organizations (NGO's)
-1873: congress approves "timber culture act"
-1891: "forest preservation act"
-development of resource conservation ethic
-merger of academia and conservation
-national wilderness preservation act
-public environmental awareness emerges |
| why was the need for the timber culture act? | was needed because of the misuse of timber companies by not replanting the land that they took from the federal/state government |
| why was the forest preservation act needed? | it broke up industrial monopolies trying to claim natural resources as theirs; the act made it so that natural resources belonged to citizens |
| what is the main aspect of transcendental theory? | its the ideal that all things have intrinsic value and that is their main use |
| what is the conservation resource ethic? | the idea of sustainable use of resources while achieving maximum yield; ultimately that resources can be used respectful if done properly |
| what makes conservation biology different from other environmental and biology classes? | -focuses on the study and preservation of the diversity of life
-it is value laden and mission driven
-advocacy oriented
-crisis oriented
-integrative and multidisciplinary
-concerned with evolutionary time
-an adaptive science
-a legally empowered science |
| what are the four tenets of conservation biology being value laden and mission driven? | -diversity of organisms is good
-ecological complexity is good
-facilitate evolution: vital for population
-biotic diversity has intrinsic value |
| what has been the shift in conservation goals? | instead of solving species loss its now solving biodiversity loss and safeguarding ecosystem services |
| what is biodiversity? | the structural and functional variety of life forms at: genetic, population, community, ecosystem levels |
| what is the problem with the phylogenetic species idea? | -it would cause 50% more species to exist phylogenetically
-the populations of species would be smaller
-10% of these species would move from vulnerable to endangered |
| what are the 3 ways diversity is measured? | -alpha
-beta
-gamma |
| what are the 2 main components of alpha diversity? | species richness and evenness |
| what is species richness? | the presence or absence of species |
| what are the advantages of using species richness? | easy to collect; measure presence/absence; easy to present and compare with similar sites |
| what is evenness? | the similarity of abundance |
| what does low evenness of a species mean? | that another species is more abundant |
| what does evenness require to calculate? | the number of individuals of each species |
| what techniques can be used to quantify alpha diversity? | the shannon weiner technique and the simpson technique |
| what is beta diversity? | measures the rate of change in species composition of communities across a landscape |
| what is wittaker's measure equation? | S/a - 1= |
| what equation does beta diversity use? | Wittaker's measure |
| what does beta diversity evaluate? | if species are lost/gained due to site age, disturbance, or gives insight into successional chanage |
| what is gamma diversity? | the diversity of species across larger landscape levels; the rate at which additional species are encountered as you encounter the same habitat at greater geographic distances |
