| What is genomics | The study of genomes |
| what is the relative size of genomes | really big
sizes differ enormously between species and are measured in millions of base pairs |
| what can be determined during genomic sequencing | the sequence of nucleotide bases can be determined for individual genes and entire genomes |
| what is the purpose of computers during genomic sequencing? | computer programs can be used to identify base sequences by looking for sequences similar to known genes |
| why are bioinformatics required in genomic sequencing? | to compare sequence data |
| what are bioinformatics? | computer and statistical analysis |
| what can comparison of genomes reveal | that many genes are highly conserved across different organisms |
| what type of genomes are often sequenced | genomes of disease causing organisms, pest species and species that are important model organisms for research |
| what are phylogenetics | the study of evolutionary history and relationships |
| what can sequence data be used for in phylogenetics | to study the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms |
| what is the relationship between number of dna differences of two species and the time since they shared a common ancestor | the lower the number of dna differences between two species, the shorter the time since they shared a common ancestor |
| what is sequence divergence | used to estimate time since lineages diverged |
| what is the name of this diagram | phylogenetics tree |
| how do you estimate how long ago the common ancestor of two species lived on a phylogenetics tree | trace the lines from those two species to where they meet |
| how do you calculate how many million years separate the divergence of one pair of species to another species | find the difference between the common ancestor of the first two species and the common ancestor of the second two species |
| what is evidence from phylogenetics and molecular clocks used for | to determine the main sequence of events in evolution |
| what can the sequence of events of evolution be dtermined by | sequence data
fossil evidence |
| what are the three domains of life | bacteria
archaea
eukaryotes |
| what is the main sequence of events in the evolution of life | cells
last universal ancestor
prokaryotes
photosynthetic organisms
eukaryotes
multicellularity
(aquatic) animals
vertebrates
land plants |
| what can the timing of each evolutionary event (speciation) be estimated using? | molecular clocks
fossils |
| what is a molecular clock | used to show when species diverged
they assume a constant mutation rate
they show differences in dna sequences or amino acid sequences |
| what do differences in sequence data between species indicate | the time of divergence from a common ancestor |
| what are fossils | the preserved rock remains or traces of animals plants and other organisms from the past |
| what can an individuals genome be analysed to do? | to predict the likelihood of developing certain diseases |
| what is pharmacogenetics | the use of genome information in the choice of drugs |
| what can an individuals personal genome sequence be used to do in pharmacogenetics | to select the most effective drugs and dosage to treat their disease (personalised medicine) |
