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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
Neurotransmitters can be classified as __	1 Excitatory 2 Inhibitory
1 Stimulation of EXCITATORY NEURONS causes movement of ions that results in a __ of the postsynaptic membrane 2 Stimulation of INHIBITORY NEURONS causes movement of ions that results in a __ of the postsynaptic membrane	1 depolarization 2 hyperpolarization
EPSP (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials) is generated by the following:	– Stimulation causes release of neurotransmitters (glutamate, ACh) causing transient increase of Na+ ion permeability – Influx of Na+ causes weak depolarization – Increased stimulated excitatory neurons causes increase in excitatory neurotransmitter release (action potential)
IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials) is generated by the following:	– Stimulation of inhibitory neurons causes the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine) causing influx of ions (efflux: K+ and influx: Cl-) – Influx and efflux of ions causes weak hyperpolarization causing diminished action potential
OVERALL action is the summation of the individual actions of the various neurotransmitters on the neuron	COMBINED EFFECTS OF EPSP & IPSP
characterized by the progressive loss of of selected neurons in discrete brain areas, resulting in characteristic disorders of movement, cognition, or both	NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
Neurodegenerative Diseases of the CNS	1 Parkinson's Disease 2 Alzheimer's Disease 3 MS (Multiple sclerosis) 4 ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
A progressive neurological disorder of muscle movement, characterized by tremors, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia and postural and gait abnormalities. - Correlated with the DESTRUCTION of DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS in substantia nigra - a REDUCTION of dopamine actions in the corpus striatum. Most cases of this are of the age 65 (1 in 100 individuals)	Parkinsonism
Part of EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM SOURCE of DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS Fires TONICALLY	Substantia nigra
Connected to the substantia nigra by neurons that secrete inhibitory transmitter GABA at their termini	Neostriatum
Drugs that may produce Parkinsonian symptoms (Pseudoparkinsonism) / Secondary Parkinsonism (Blocks dopamine receptors) Should be used with CAUTION to patients with PARKINSON'S DISEASE	1 Phenothiazines 2 Haloperidol
Symptoms of parkinsonism reflect an IMBALANCE between __	1 Excitatory Cholinergic Neurons 2 Inhibitory Dopaminergic Neurons (Dopaminergic Neurons greatly are diminished)