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level: Level 1 - CONDITIONS

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1 - CONDITIONS

Question	Answer
• the third most common neurologic disorder after cerebrovascular & Alzheimer’s disease • is a heterogenous symptom complex	EPILEPSY
a chronic disorder characterized by recurrent seizures	a heterogenous symptom complex
are finite episodes of brain dysfunction resulting from abnormal discharge of cerebral neurons	SEIZURES
RESULTS OF SEIZURE	• Loss of consciousness • Abnormal movements • Atypical or odd behavior • Distorted perceptions
Causes of Seizures	• Infection • Neoplasm • Head Injury • Heredity • Single-gene defects • Electrolyte Imbalance • Drug abuse • Abrupt withdrawal from alcohol
• occur when a person's body shake rapidly and uncontrollably • muscles contract and relax repeatedly	Convulsion
Classification of Seizures	1 Partial Seizures • Simple partial seizures • Complex partial seizures • Partial seizures secondarily generalized 2 Generalized Seizures • Generalized tonic-clonic (grandmal) seizures • Absence (petit mal) seizures • Tonic seizures • Atonic seizures • Clonic and myoclonic seizures • Infantile spasms
• are those in which a LOCALIZED ONSET of the attack can be ascertained, either by clinical observation or by electroencephalographic recording • the attack begins in a SPECIFIC LOCUS in the brain	PARTIAL SEIZURES
• the LEAST COMPLICATED partial seizure • characterized by MINIMAL SPREAD of the abnormal discharge such that the normal consciousness and awareness are preserved	Simple Partial Seizure
Simple Partial Seizure AFFECTS:	1 Focal Motor 2 Somatosensory 3 Visual 4 Auditory 5 Autonomic
• also has a localized onset, but the discharge BECOMES MORE WIDESPREAD (usually bilateral) and almost always INVOLVES THE LIMBIC SYSTEM • arise from one of the TEMPORAL LOBES, possibly because of the susceptibility of this area to insults such as hypoxia and infection recovers after 30-120 s patient may have a brief warning	Complex Partial Seizure
lip smacking, swallowing, fumbling, scratching & walking about	Automatisms
Complex Partial Seizure AFFECTS:	1 Impairment of consciousness 2 Auditory hallucinations 3 Visual hallucinations 4 Olfactory hallucination 5 Psychomotor phenomena 6 Dysphasia
• are those in which there is NO EVIDENCE of localized onset	GENERALIZED SEIZURES
• also called GRAND MAL seizures • the MOST DRAMATIC of all epileptic seizures • characterized by TONIC RIGIDITY of all extremities, followed in 15-30 secs by a tremor that is actually an interruption of the tonus by relaxation massive jerking of the body (60-120 seconds) Tongue or cheek may be bitten; urinary incontinence	Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures
• also called PETIT MAL seizure • characterized by both SUDDEN ONSET and ABRUPT CESSATION • duration is usually LESS THAN 10 SECONDS and RARELY MORE THAN 45 SECONDS consciousness is altered mild clonic jerking of the eyelids or extremities; postural tone changes; autonomic phenomena and automatisms begins in childhood or adolescence and may occur up to hundred times a day	Absence Seizure
• seizure with postural changes that are more abrupt, and such patients are often MENTALLY RETARDED • may be MORE REFRACTORY TO THERAPY	Atypical Absence Seizure
• Consist of SHORT EPISODES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS that may recur for several minutes • Usually OCCUR AFTER WAKENING and exhibit as brief jerks of the limbs	Myoclonic Jerking
• those in which the patient has SUDDEN LOSS OF POSTURAL TONE • if standing, the patient falls suddenly • if seated, the head and torso may suddenly drop forward	Atonic Seizures
• an EPILEPTIC SYNDROME and NOT A SEIZURE TYPE • characterized by brief, recurrent myoclonic jerks of the body with sudden flexion or extension of the body and limbs • most patients are mentally retarded	Infantile Spasms
Causes of Infantile Spasms	• Infection • Kernicterus • Tuberous sclerosis • Hypoglycemia KITH
• TWO OR MORE SEIZURES OCCUR WITHOUT RECOVERY OF FULL CONSCIOUSNESS IN BETWEEN EPISODES • LIFE-THREATENING (requires fast-acting medication such BZD, followed by slower-acting drugs like phenytoin)	STATUS EPILEPTICUS
Spinal Dysraphism Severe malformation with a flattened, disorganized segment of spinal cord, associated with an overlying MENINGEAL OUTPOUCHING	Spina Bifida
Asymptomatic Bony Defect	Spina Bifida Occulta