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level: W02 National cultures and management

Questions and Answers List

level questions: W02 National cultures and management

Question	Answer
It answers basic existential questions: -Equality among citizens -Do we rely on family or not and to what degree? -How afraid are we of unkown people, ideas and objects -Male and Female traits -Time orientation: Do we concentrate on the past, present or future -Are we allowed for leisure and enjoyment or is life strict and serious?	What does Hofstedes cultural work imply?
-USA -South Africa -Germany -Australia -Sweden -Norway -Israel -Poland etc	Name 3 culturally individualistic countries
-Japan -Brazil -China -Portugal -South Korea -Mexico etc	Name 3 culturally collectivistic countries
How a society looks at power distance between individuals. Low power distance = small gaps between most and least powerful. US and scandinavian countries. High power distance = large gap between positions. Malaysia and Guatemala.	Power distance
How do people deal with risk and uncertainty. Low= Risk is more comofortable and managers can be entrepreneurial. US, Sweden, Ireland High= Risk should be minimized and stable carers are favored. Belgium, France, Japan	Uncertainty avoidance
Describes the culture in the eye of traditional male and female character. Masculine: Competitiveness, Ambition, Wealth and earning money. Australia, Japan, US Female: Equality, caring for less unfortunate. Scandinavian countries	masculinity and femininity
Long term success or short term profit? Long term: Typical Asian countries Short term: US and many western countries	Long term and short term orientation
Should an individual strive to satisfy its needs? Indulgence societies: Freedom is good and impulses need to be dealt with. Freedom of speach is critical. North and Latin America Restraint societies: Life is precieved to be hard with a stricter moral discipline. Eastern Europe and Asia	Indulgence or restraint
He concleded that there are seven cultural dimensions that can explain cross cultural communication. The model serves as a framework for understanding this	Describe Trompenaars cultural studdies
Universalism: high importance in laws, rules, values and obligation. U.S., Canada, the U.K, the Netherlands, Germany, Scandinavia, New Zealand, Australia, and Switzerland. Particularism: Circumstances dictates the actions. Russia, Latin-America, and China	Universalism vs. Particularism
Individualism: The individual is solemly responsible for their future and the outcomes. U.S., Canada, the U.K, Scandinavia, New Zealand, Australia, and Switzerland. Communitarism: The group is more importnant than the individual. Joint responsibility. Latin-America, Africa, and Japan	Individualism vs. Communitarianism
Neutral: People make a great effort to control their emotions. Reason influences their actions far more than their feelings. People don't reveal what they're thinking or how they're feeling. U.K., Sweden, the Netherlands, Finland, and Germany. Emotional: People want to find ways to express their emotions, even spontaneously, at work. In these cultures, it's welcome and accepted to show emotion. Italy, France, Spain, and countries in Latin-America.	Neutral vs. Emotional
Specific: People keep work and personal lives separate. As a result, they believe that relationships don't have much of an impact on work objectives, and, although good relationships are important, they believe that people can work together without having a good relationship. U.S., the U.K., Switzerland, Germany, Scandinavia, and the Netherlands. Diffuse: People see an overlap between their work and personal life. They believe that good relationships are vital to meeting business objectives, and that their relationships with others will be the same, whether they are at work or meeting socially. People spend time outside work hours with colleagues and clients. Argentina, Spain, Russia, India, and China.	Specific vs. Diffuse
Achievment: People believe that you are what you do, and they base your worth accordingly. These cultures value performance, no matter who you are. Typical achievement cultures include the U.S., Canada, Australia, and Scandinavia. Ascription: People believe that you should be valued for who you are. Power, title, and position matter in these cultures, and these roles define behavior. Typical ascription cultures include France, Italy, Japan, and Saudi Arabia.	Achievement vs. Ascription
Sequential: People like events to happen in order. They place a high value on punctuality, planning (and sticking to your plans), and staying on schedule. In this culture, "time is money," and people don't appreciate it when their schedule is thrown off. Typical sequential-time cultures include Germany, the U.K., and the U.S Synchronous: People see the past, present, and future as interwoven periods. They often work on several projects at once, and view plans and commitments as flexible. Typical synchronous-time cultures include Japan, Argentina, and Mexico.	Sequential vs. Synchronous
Internal direction: People believe that they can control nature or their environment to achieve goals. This includes how they work with teams and within organizations. Typical internal-direction cultures include Israel, the U.S., Australia, New Zealand, and the U.K. Outer direction: People believe that nature, or their environment, controls them; they must work with their environment to achieve goals. At work or in relationships, they focus their actions on others, and they avoid conflict where possible. People often need reassurance that they're doing a good job. Typical outer-direction cultures include China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia.	Internal Direction vs. Outer Direction