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level: Level 7

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 7

Question	Answer
❖ Can be aqueous or oleaginous solutions. ❖ In the form of coarse droplets(?) or finely divided powders. ❖ They are directed to a nasopharyngeal tract or through skin.	Sprays
❖ Constrict the pores then precipitate the proteins. ❖ Ex: Aluminum acetate, aluminum sub-acetate, calcium hydroxide topical solution.	Astringents
❖ Intended to kill microorganisms in the skin or mucus membrane. ❖ Ex: povidone iodine, thimerosal, hydrogen peroxide topical solution.	Local anti-infectives
➢ Type of preparations or extraction to obtain from plants and animals with the aid of solvent. ➢ Extraction is used pharmaceutically that involves the separation of the medicinally active portions from inactive components. ➢ The product obtain in extraction are usually impure liquids either semi-solid or powders. Intended for oral or external use. ➢ Principle for herbal supplements in liquid form.	EXTRACTIVES
is used pharmaceutically that involves the separation of the medicinally active portions from inactive components.	Extraction
METHODS OF EXTRACTION	1 Maceration 2 Digestion 3 Percolation 4 Decoction 5 Infusion
❖ Materials such as plants in solid form and solvent. Mix solid and solvent in a stoppered container then allow them to stand in a period of time. ❖ At least 1 day to 3 days (maximum). In a warm place with frequent agitation or shaking. ❖ Then, the mixture will be filtered and the filtrate is collected. Subjected to rotary evaporation for pure constituents	Maceration
❖ Same process with maceration but only with the use of gentle heating. ❖ So if in maceration, the substance must stand for 3 days with gentle shaking or agitation, in this, it will just be subjected into gentle heating.	Digestion
❖ Also a maceration which involves the use of a percolator. ❖ You allow the solid and the solvent stand for 15 minutes and transfer them to the percolator. ❖ Allow the solid to stand for 24 hours inside and open it a little bit to gradually drop the extract .	Percolation
❖ Intended for water-soluble and heat-stable constituents. ❖ Usually used at home for making teas from leaves or fruits. ❖ Get the materials (leaves and fruits) and boil them for 15 minutes; After boiling, let it cool, strain, and pass sufficient cold water to the drug.	Decoction
❖ Is through maceration using hot or cold water	Infusion
❖ Concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs that are obtained by the removal of the active constituents with a suitable solvent or menstra (singular: menstruum) ❖ Evaporating all the solvent until you get the pure active constituent ❖ are 6x potent as the crude drug	Extracts
Extracts has 3 forms (Especially when undergoing evaporation):	1 Semi-liquid/Liquid – Syrupy consistency; Very thick 2 Pillular/Solid – Dry form; Has a plastic consistency; Used for ointments, suppositories, and pills (Made from compounding and with only one ingredient which is potent/crude drug) 3 Powder – Powder extract for dry formulation; Used for manufacturing tablets and capsules Example: Belladonna extracts
❖ Liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as a solvent or preservative or both ❖ Also termed as 100% tincture which contains 1mL/1g of drug	Fluid Extracts
❖ Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions that are prepared from vegetable materials or chemical substances ❖ It contains at least 15-80% of these substances; __ of potent vegetable drugs usually have the activity of 10g of the drug in each 100mL of tincture (10g/100mL) ❖ Most common method of preparation is through percolation and maceration	Tinctures Examples: Iodine Tincture, Belladona Tincture USP (Percolation), Compound Benzoin Tincture USP (Maceration), and Sweet Orange Peel Tincture (Maceration)
Methods of Preparation Tincture	1 Percolation 2 Maceration