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level: Level 11 - Gen Operations

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 11 - Gen Operations

Question	Answer
General Unit Operations Involved in Manufacturing:	1 Mixing 2 Filling 3 Clarification 4 COMMINUTION 5 HOMOGENIZATION
➢ Is a unit operation that aims to treat 2 or more components initially in an unmix or partially mix state.	Mixing
Equipment for mixing	• Propeller mixer – used in medium scale fluid mixing • Turbine mixer – for mixing more viscous liquids • Inline mixer – provide continuous mixing
➢ It aims to transfer bulk solution to final container	Filling
➢ The method of filling in pharmaceutical liquid will depend on the following factor: FACTORS IN FILLING	Factors: Viscosity, Surface tension, foam producing and compatibility of the liquid with the construction of the filling machine, and the type of package (bottle)
Methods in Filling	1 Volume cup method - Gravity filling (manual) and - Pressure-pump filling (more viscous liquids) 2 By vacuum – for rigid and non-collapsible container; for large volumes because it can easily be adapted to automation ➢ To prevent or reduce excessive foaming during filling, is by using equipment that minimizes turbulence. ➢ Example: we add a closed system filling, mechanical defoaming device, reduce filling line speed
➢ Filter the preparation ➢ Make the preparation very clear ➢ Used to describe the process that involves the removal or the preparation of the solid from fluid or fluid from another fluid	Clarification
Methods of Clarification	1 Filtration
1 • Filter media: Filter cloth (woven) (made up of cotton cloth, nylon) Nonwoven, Membrane filter, Filter aids (DIATOMITE – comes from celite)(PERLITE, ASBESTOS, CARBON) 2 for gelatinous solution ex. asbestos pad	1 Filtration 2 FELT (nonwoven)
Filtration mechanisms:	1 straining/sieving 2 Impingement 3 Attractive forces 4 Auto filtration 5 EQUIPMENT: gravity filters and pressure filters 6 Centrifugation: Perforated and Tubular
Filtration mechanism 1 occurs at the surface of the filter or a thin film of filter paper. 2 mechanism by which the large high density particle are captured, it uses a filter fiber and flowing fluid approaches in which particles move straight ahead to collide with other filter paper to which they become attached	. 1 straining/sieving 2 Impingement
Filtration mechanism 1 we use cation and anions to attract insoluble molecules 2 allow the solution to stand for longer period until the insoluble particle settle down	. 1 Attractive forces 2 Auto filtration
Filtration mechanism (EQUIPMENT) 1 (uses gravity) 2 (feed the product into the filter at a pressure greater that which would arise from a gravity alone, for very viscous preparation)	. 1 gravity filters 2 pressure filters
Filtration mechanism (CENTRIFUGATION) 1 (For separation of crystalline materials) 2 (For liquid-to-liquid preparation)	. 1 Perforated 2 Tubular
Another term for filtration technique is __ in manufacturing since it involves the removal of particulate matter with a size of 0.3um or less.	polishing