| Types of drying methods | 1 Convective drying
2 Conductive drying
3 Radiation drying
4 Freeze drying
CC RF |
| Principle involves in oven
Fixed bed __
FIXED BED OR STATIC, simply put the components in a
tray dryer then let it dry with a heat
Dynamic __
PRINCIPLE BEHIND THE FLUIDIZED BED DRYER
a type of drying | Convective drying |
| With solid, INTERNAL CONTACT WITH HOT SURFACE and the bulk of HEAT TRANSFER OCCURS BY CONDUCTION or vacuum inside the equipment produced with the heat
a type of drying | Conductive drying |
| With through the HEAT TRANSMISSION BY RADIATION and usually differs from heat transfer by
conduction or convention in which there is NO TRANSFER MEDIUM or a SOLID, LIQUID or GAS TO be PRESENT
Ex. Microwave oven
a type of drying | Radiation drying |
| USE NITROGEN
A VERY LOW TEMPERATURE to REMOVE THE WATER or MOISTURE and as a result it will TURN IT INTO A
POWDER FORM
a type of drying | Freeze drying |
| FILLING
1 Solids (such as tablets and capsules):
they are counted by __
2 Powder or granular products: may be filled by
volume using an __ | .
1 REVOLVING DISC,
SLAT COUNTER OR
BREAKING A BEAM OF LIGHT
2)
1 Auger or a Filling cup,
2 by weight using a Bulk Feed plus Trickle top up
(same sap ag fill sa liquid preparation) |
| TABLET MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES | 1. Dry methods: uses dry granulation technique
2. Wet methods: uses wet granulation technique
3. Direct compression: If want to make a tablet that
has a weight of 50 mg |
| POWDER COMPRESSION VS COMPACTION | 1 Powder compression
Is defined as the REDUCTION IN VOLUME OF THE POWDER owing the application of a force
2 Powder compaction
Defined as the FORMATION OF A POROUS SPECIMEN OF DEFINED GEOMETRY by powder compression |
| THE PROCESS OF TABLETING CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
THREE STAGES (COMPACTION CYCLE): | 1. Die filling
2. Tablet formation
3. Tablet ejection |
| TABLET PRESSES
1 Also known as eccentric press
Can weigh at least 200 tablets per minute
2 Used in manufacturing plant or a larger scale
Can produce 10,000 tablets per minute | .
1 Single-punch press
2 Rotary press |
| TABLET PRESSES PARTS | 1 Hopper: store the materials for compression
2 Feed Frame: distributes the materials into the die
3 Dies: controls the size and shape of the tablet
4 Punches: compact the materials within the dies
and shape
5 Cams: guide the punches |
| TABLET PROCESSING PROBLEMS: | 1 Capping
2 Lamination
3 Chipping
4 Picking
5 Sticking
6 Mottling
7 Weight variation
8 Hardness variation
That is CAP, LAM, CHIP PICK STICK MOTT
Weight var and hardness var |
| 1 COMPLETE OR PARTIAL SEPARATION OF TOP OR BOTTOM of TABLETS from the main body
2 SEPARATION OF TABLET IN TWO or MORE DISTINCT LAYERS
3 SEPARATION OF SMALL PORTION in TABLET SURFACE | 1 Capping
2 Lamination
3 Chipping
(these are TABLET PROCESSING PROBLEMS) |
| 1
REMOVAL OF MATERIALS to the SURFACES of the tablets and ADHERENCE of the FACE OF THE PUNCH
2
The ADHESION OF THE GRANULATION OF THE DIE or the BUILD UP of the MATERIAL in the PUNCH
3
UNEQUAL COLOR DISTRIBUTION in SURFACE | 1 Picking
2 Sticking
3 Mottling
(these are TABLET PROCESSING PROBLEMS) |
| 1
Very unacceptable in processing since it has a
difference in the tablets
2
Can be test through hardness testers which is the part of in-process test | 1 Weight variation
2 Hardness variation
(these are TABLET PROCESSING PROBLEMS) |
| CHIPPING
CAUSES: (STATE THE CAUSES & THEIR REMEDIES) | 1 AIR ENTRAPMENT AMONG GRANULES
- The air escapes after the pressure is
released so to prevent, make a light
granulations
- If too dry or more powder then less moisture
- REMEDY: make a density or tracking
materials and REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF POWDER
and SOME WATER or hydroscopic materials
2 OVER LUBRICATION
- REMEDY: to VALIDATE THE AMOUNT OF LUBRICANT
3 WORN AND IMPERFECT PUNCHES AND DIES
- REMEDY: REPLACE PUNCHES
4 CARELESSNESS OF SETTING UP PRESSES
- REMEDY: follow the SOP always |
| STICKING
CAUSES: (STATE THE CAUSES & THEIR REMEDIES) | 1 LACK OF LUBRICANT
- REMEDY: PROPER AMOUNT OF LUBRICANT
2 UNPOLISHED SURFACES OF PUNCHES AND DIES
- REMEDY: USES PLATED PUNCH FACES with
CHROMIUM to produce an smooth adherence
face
3 EXCESSIVE MOISTURE
- REMEDY: DRY THE GRANULATION
4 SOFT TABLETS
- REMEDY: ADD MORE BINDER or FORMULATE
powders or add dilution of low active melting
ingredient or additives that with high melting
materials.
- To prevent the softening of granules due to
heat of compression and may increase the
tablet size. |
| MOTTLING
CAUSES: (STATE THE CAUSES & THEIR REMEDIES) | 1 DIFFERENT COLORS OF INGREDIENTS
- REMEDY: CHOOSE EXCIPIENTS that has the
SAME COLOR with ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
2 COLORED DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF THE DRUG
- REMEDY: USE DIES to MASK THE DEGRADATION product
3 COLOR-DYE MIGRATION DURING DRYING OF GRANULES
- REMEDY: REDUCE THE DRYING TEMPERATURE or
change the solvent system |
