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level: Level 7 - VIDEO LEC 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 7 - VIDEO LEC 2

Question	Answer
gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria DIFFERENCE	1 gram negative - very THIN PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER; - OUTER CELL MEMBRANE surrounding that peptidoglycan layer; PORINS inside of it. - has LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES w/ LIPID A 2 gram positive - VERY THICK PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER - NO outer cell membrane
4 RING STRUCTURE, CARBONYL, & NITROGEN GROUP. cyclic amide; BETA-LACTAM RING which is incorporated into it.	BETA-LACTAMS
Beta-lactam antibiotics:	1. Penicillins 2. Amoxicillin 3. Cephalosporins
are SPECIFIC DERIVATIVES OF CARBOHYDRATES like glucose.	Peptidoglycan
to TREAT in general GRAM-POSITIVE and GRAM-NEGATIVE bacteria COVERS: ○ STREPTOCOCCAL BACTERIA- any type of streptococcal bacteria. ○ SYPHILIS past years certain bacteria have become resistant to this	PENICILLIN
HOW did bacteria become resistant to penicillin?	They have PLASMIDS that produces: BETA-LACTAMASE that breaks the beta-lactam ring.
What does penicillin do?	1 penicillin binds 2 penicillin-binding protein stimulated 3 stimulated autolytic enzymes starts cleaving & breaking up the cell wall
penicillin-binding proteins inhibit the __enzymes. helps in the linkage of pentapeptides in bacteria.	transpeptidase
SAME MECHANISM OF ACTION (ACTIVATES PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEIN) VERY SUSCEPTIBLE TO BETA-LACTAMASE. GIVEN w/ CLAVULANIC ACID. can treat: ○ URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS (UTI) ○ RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (RTI) ○ MENINGITIS ○ INFECTIONS CAUSED BY SALMONELLA ○ OTITIS MEDIA (MIDDLE EAR INFECTIONS)	AMOXICILLIN
CLAVULANIC ACID role in amoxicillin	beta-lactamase inhibitor
4 generation of cephalosporins: (DESCRIBE & GIVE the DRUG)	○ First generation: treat mainly GRAM-POSITIVE bacteria ■ Cephalexin ○ Second generation: treat mainly GRAM-POSITIVE bacteria ■ Cefuroxime ○ Third generation: treat GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA ■ Ceftriaxone ○ Fourth generation: treat GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA ■ Cefepime
Cephalexin and Cefuroxime used to treat:	○ Staphylococcus aureus ○ Streptococcus pyogenes
Ceftriaxone and Cefepime they can treat:	○ Pseudomonas AERUGINOSA ○ Bacteria that cause MENINGITIS ○ Treat infections caused by Klebsiella, ○ different types of ENTERO BACTERIA