| What is a hydrocarbon? | A substance made of only hydrogen and carbon. |
| What is an alkane? | Hydrocarbons that doesn't have any double bonds. |
| What is the formula of an alkane? | CnH₂n₊₂
n = number of carbons. |
| What is volatility? | How easily something can turn into a gas. |
| What is viscosity? | The thickness of a substance. |
| What are the 4 alkanes and how many carbons do they each have? | Methane - 1 carbon.
Ethane - 2 carbons.
Propane - 3 carbons.
Butane - 4 carbons. |
| What are the formulas for the 4 alkanes? | Methane - CH₄
Ethane - C₂H₆
Propane - C₃H₈
Butane - C₄H₁₀ |
| What are two properties of hydrocarbons? | Most of them are liquids and they are used as fuels. |
| What are the four properties that can vary in hydrocarbons. | Viscosity - The larger the chain, the more viscous.
Volatility - The smaller the chain, the higher the volatility.
Flammability - The larger the chain, the less flammable.
Boiling point - The smaller the chain, the higher the boiling point. |
| What are the 3 steps of the fractional distillation of crude oil? | 1. Put the crude oil in a furnace and heat it until it turns into a vapour.
2. Let the vapour go into the fractionating column.
3. The vapour will condense at different areas of the column due to the temperature gradient. The larger chains will condense and collect at the bottom where it's hot, and the smaller chains will condense and collect closer to the top where it's hot due to the different boiling points. |
| What is complete combustion? | Burning a hydrocarbon with enough and plenty of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
(This is because by burning any hydrocarbon, you're reacting it with oxygen) |
| What is the formula for complete combustion? | Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water |
| What is incomplete combustion? | When you burn a hydrocarbon with a limited supply of oxygen, producing carbon/ carbon monoxide and water. |
| What is the formula for incomplete combustion? | Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon + Water
OR
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon Monoxide + Water
Carbon = C
Carbon monoxide = CO |
| What is an alkene? | A hydrocarbon that has double bonds between carbons. |
| What is a saturated molecule? | A molecule that only has single bonds. |
| What is an unsaturated molecule? | A molecule that has double bonds. |
| What are the 4 alkenes and how many carbons do they have? | Ethene - 2 carbons.
Propene - 3 carbons.
Butene - 4 carbons.
Pentene - 5 carbons. |
| What is the formula of an alkene? | CnH₂n
n = number of carbons. |
| What is the test for an alkene? | Bromine water. If it turns orange to colourless, there's an alkene. If it remains orange, there isn't an alkene. |
| What is the formula for the 4 alkanes? | Ethene - C₂H₄.
Propene - C₃H₆.
Butene - C₄H₈.
Pentene - C₅H₁₀. |
| What is crude oil? | Dead plankton and ancient biomass found in rock, thats been under pressure and heat. It's a fossil fuel, finite and a mixture. |
| What can crude oil be used for? | Oil for fuel for transport.
Petrochemical industry as a feedstock for new compounds, like polymers, solvents, lubricants and detergents.
To produce organic compounds - homologous series. |
| What is cracking? | A thermal decomposition reaction that breaks down long chains into smaller chains by heating it. |
| What are the different types of cracking? | Thermal cracking - high temperature and high pressure.
Catalytic Cracking - common in industry because it's faster, low temperature and pressure, and a catalyst is used. |
| Why is cracking used? | To turn long chains of hydrocarbons into more useful smaller chains.
Alkane → Alkane + Alkene |
