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level: Level 1

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 1

Question	Answer
 It is intended to be used either EXTERNALLY or TOPICALLY  SKIN IS THE MAJOR FACTOR in manufacturing and formulation of these preparations	SEMI-SOLID PREPARATION
SKIN is referred as the largest organ in the body and it has the THREE DISTINCT LAYERS:	a. Epidermis b. Dermis c. Subcutaneous fat layer (Serve as accessory) In actual, we only have 2 layers of skin layers: 1 Epidermis 2 Dermis
1 - the OUTERMOST SKIN LAYER - This IS ALSO WHERE YOU CAN FIND YOUR STRATUM CORNEUM. 2 - serves as a CUSHION FOR THE DERMIS and epidermis but most probably our skin is just composed of the epidermis and dermis. - As ACCESSORY	1 Epidermis 2 Subcutaneous fat layer
The DRUGS that are usually employed or incorporated in our semi-solid preparations, usually elicits one or more FOUR GENERAL EFFECTS.	1. An EFFECT ON THE SKIN SURFACE or surface effects 2. EFFECTS WITHIN OUR STRATUM CORNEUM 3. A more DEEP-SEATED EFFECT which REQUIRES PENETRATION INTO YOUR EPIDERMIS AND DERMIS 4. SYSTEMIC EFFECT which usually results from delivering of sufficient drug passing through your epidermis to dermis and then to your vasculature or vascular system to produce therapeutic systemic concentration.
The SURFACE OF ACTIVITY IS IN THE FORM OF FILM. The FILM has AN ACTION AGAINST SURFACE MICROORGANISM OR CAN HAVE CLEANSING EFFECT; Films may be OCCLUSIVE and provide MOISTURIZING EFFECT by diminishing loss of moisture from the skin surface. The film formation may have PROTECTIVE PROPERTY also (such as zinc oxide and sunscreen). IF film has an ANTI-MICROBIAL EFFECT: vehicle must facilitate contact betw. the surface organism and active ingredient.	Surface effects
The preparation that has this effect are the SUNSCREEN especially WHEN IT CONTAINS the active ingredient, P-AMINOBENZOIC ACID. (p-aminobenzoic acid penetrates and is important to this) example preparation that exerts its action on this is the KERATOLYTIC AGENT. SERVE as a RESERVOIR PHASE OR DEPOT	Stratum Corneum Effects
1 The preparation that has stratum corneum effects are the sunscreen especially when it contains the ACTIVE INGREDIENT, __. can PENETRATE and is usually IMPORTANT to the stratum corneum. 2 Another example preparation that exerts its action on stratum corneum is the __. Example is the SALICYLIC ACID.	1 P-aminobenzoic acid. 2 keratolytic agent.
keratolytic agent; exert action in stratum corneum usually CAUSES TO BREAKUP or SLOUGHING OF STRATUM CELLS AGGREGATES once salicylic acid penetrates.	salicylic acid.
o TAKES PLACE WITHIN STRATUM CORNEUM o Since it usually involves in HYDRATION OF DRY OUTER CELLS by surface films or through INTERCALATION OF WATER in the LIPID-RICH INTERCELLULAR LAMININ which then results to SOFTENING OF SKIN	Skin moisturization effective moisturizer: penetrates stratum corneum
1 __ serves as our RESERVOIR and usually the drugs that contain these active ingredients deposit within this. LOCATED IN THE EPIDERMIS 2 Drugs that accumulate in this:	1 Stratum corneum. 2 Benzocaine, Estrogens, Scopolamine and Corticosteroids
1 PENETRATION of drug into viable epidermis and dermis may be DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE. However, once TRANSEPIDERMAL FORMATION HAS OCCURRED, then, there will be a CONTINUOUS DIFFUSION of drug into dermis and then into general circulation. (GIVE EXAMPLES OF DRUGS)	Epidermal, Dermal, Local and Systemic Effects eX. Topical tray ethanolamine, Minoxidil, Retinoids
is the MECHANISM OF TRANSFER OF DRUG from the skin surface into the stratum corneum, under the backing of concentrated gradient, and its SUBSEQUENT DIFFUSION THROUGH THE STRATUM CORNEUM and underlying epidermis, THROUGH THE DERMIS AND INTO THE MICROCIRCULATION. can be enhanced by the use of OCCLUSIVE DRESSING TECHNIQUES or w/ PENETRATION ENCHANCERS	PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION
FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG ABSORPTION FORM THE SKIN	1. Skin hydration and temperature 2. Penetration Enhancers 3. Stratum Corneum Barrier Efficacy and Dermal Clearance 4. Cutaneous Biotransformation