| agriculture | the delibereate effort to modify a portion of earths surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenence or economic gains |
| agricultural revolution | the process that began when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely in hunting and gathering |
| agriculutural hearths | soutwest asia, east asia, central and south asia, and subsaharan africa |
| subsistence agriculture | agriciutlure designede primalrily to provide food for direct ocnsumption by the farmer nad farmers family |
| commercial agriculture | agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm |
| dietary energy consumption | the amount of food than an individual consumes measure in kilocalories |
| food security | physical social and econo,i acesss at all times to sage and nutrious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences fir an active and healthy life |
| wet rice dominant | to rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth. |
| nonrice dominatnt | climate does not allow for hte flooding of rice fields |
| pastoral nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals |
| shifting cultivation | A form of subsis- agriculture in which people shift activity
from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period |
| plantation agriculture | A large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country |
| mixed crop and livestock | commercial farming characterized by intergration of crops and livestock, most of the crops are fed to animals rather than directly consumed by humans |
| dairying | a form of comercial agriculture that specilizes in the production of milk and other dairy products |
| grain farming | farms that specify in grain |
| ranching | a faorm of commercial agriculture in whinc livestockc graze over an extensive area |
| mediterean agriculture | specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails (grapes, olives, figs, citrus, fruits, dates, etc.) |
| commercial gardening | relatively small scare porduction of fruits, vegetables, and other horticulture |
| transhumance | Seasonal migration of livestock between mountain and lowland pasture area |
| shifting cultivation/slash and burn | farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegatation and urning the debris, s |
| double cropping | harvesting twice a year from the same field |
| crop rotation | the practice of roataing cuse of fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil |
| sawah | a flodded field for growing rice |
| aquaculture/aquafarming | the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions |
| overfishing | capturing ifsh faster than they cna reproduce |
| agribusiness | commercial agriculture characterized by the interegration of different steps in the food processing industiry, usually through ownership by large companies |
| horticulture | growing oof fruits vegetables flowers and tree crops |
| truck farming | commercial gardening and fruit farming so nammed for the middle english word truck meaning barter or exchange of commodities |
| milkshed | the area surronding a city from which milk is supplied |
| prime agricultural land | the most productive farnalnd |
| desertification | degredation of land, especially in semiarid area, primarily because of human actions such as execessive crop planting animal grazing and tree cutting, also known as semiarid land degradation |
| green revolution | rapid diffusion of new agriculltural technologu especially new high yeild seeds and fertilizers |
| forest fallow | fields are cleared and utilized for up to two years and left to falllow for more than 20 yrs, long enough for the forest to grow vback |
| bush fallow | fields are cleared and utilized for up to 8 yrs and left fallow for up to 10 yrs, long enough for small trees and bushes to grow back |
| short fallow | fields are cleared and utilized for perhaps 2 yrs, and left to fallow for up to yrs, long enough for wild grasses to grow back |
| annual cropping | fields are used every year and rotated between legumes and roots |
| no tillage | leaves all of the soil undisturved and the entire residue of the previos yrs harvest is left untouched on the fields |
| ridge tillage | a system of planting crops on ridge tops |
| genetically modified organism (GMO) | a living organism that posseses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology |
| undernourishment | a dietary energy consumption that is continously below that needed for a healthy life and carrying out light phyiscal activity |
| clustered | agriculture based community in which a number of families live in close proximity ot each other with fields surronding the collection of houses and farm building |
| dispersed | characterized by farmers livng on indvidual farms isolated from neighbots rather than alongside other farmers in settlements |
| linear | in a line |
| metes and bounds | This system uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels. |
| township and range | A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior |
| long lot | long rectangular plots of farmland to give equal access to the river. |
| columbian exchange | transfer of pants, animals. people, culture,technoloy between western hempishere and europe as a result of european colonization and trade |
| intensive farming | Intensive farming is carried out in relatively densely populated areas, like the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. It involves smaller land holdings than in extensive farming and requires a relatively large amount of manual labor. |
| extensive farming | a type of agricultural production that involves the use of relatively low levels of inputs, such as labor, capital, and chemicals, in order to produce crops or livestock |
| von thunen model | a predictive theory in human geography that predicts humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transporting products to market |
| community supported agriculture | refers to a particular network, or association of individuals, who have pledged to support one or more local farms, with growers and consumers sharing the risks and benefits of food production. |
| urban farming | the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city. |
