| The speed at which a chemical reaction occurs. | Reaction Rate |
| What does reaction rate refer to, and what aspect of the reaction does it describe? | Reaction rate is the speed at which a chemical reaction occurs, describing how quickly reactants transform into products. |
| Two equations are used to calculate the rate of a reaction: one for reactant consumption and another for product formation. | Rate Calculation Equations |
| How can the rate of a reaction be calculated? | The rate of a reaction can be calculated using two equations—one for reactant consumption and another for product formation. |
| An equation used to calculate how quickly the reactants are used up. | Reactant Consumption Equation |
| What does the reactant consumption equation calculate, and what aspect of the reaction does it focus on? | The reactant consumption equation calculates how quickly the reactants are used up. |
| An equation used to calculate how quickly the products are formed. | Product Formation Equation |
| What does the product formation equation calculate, and what aspect of the reaction does it focus on? | The product formation equation calculates how quickly the products are formed. |
| Reactants and products can be measured by mass (in grams) or volume (in cm³). | Measurement Units for Rate |
| What are the two measurement units used for rate calculation, and how are they used? | Reactants and products can be measured by mass (in grams) or volume (in cm³). |
| When measuring mass, the rate of reaction is given in g/s. | Rate Measurement in Grams |
| How is the rate of reaction expressed when measuring mass? | The rate of reaction is given in g/s when measuring mass. |
| When measuring volume, the rate of reaction is given in cm³/s. | Rate Measurement in Cubic Centimeters |
| How is the rate of reaction expressed when measuring volume? | The rate of reaction is given in cm³/s when measuring volume. |
| If a reaction produces gas, measurements are taken at regular intervals to quantify the amount of gas produced. | Gas Production Measurement |
| What is measured in reactions that produce gas, and how are the measurements conducted? | Measurements are taken at regular intervals to quantify the amount of gas produced, often using a gas syringe or an upside-down measuring cylinder. |
| To prevent gas escape, the apparatus is sealed using bungs and tubes. | Apparatus Sealing |
| Why is it important to seal the apparatus in gas-producing reactions, and how is it achieved? | Sealing the apparatus with bungs and tubes prevents gas from escaping during reactions. |
| The reaction of hydrochloric acid and marble chips (CaCO3) produces carbon dioxide gas. | Example Reaction - Gas Production |
| Provide an example of a reaction producing gas, and how can its rate be measured? | An example is the reaction of hydrochloric acid and marble chips, which produces carbon dioxide gas. The rate can be measured by collecting and measuring the volume of carbon dioxide at regular intervals. |
| In reactions producing a solid product, a different practical method is employed. | Solid Product Reaction |
| What is the approach when a reaction produces a solid product, and provide an example? | In reactions producing a solid product, an alternative method is used. For instance, the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid produces solid sulfur, and the time taken for a black cross to disappear is measured. |
| The reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid, producing solid sulfur and turning the mixture cloudy. | Sulfur Production Reaction |
| What is an example of a reaction producing a solid product, and how is the rate measured? | An example is the reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid, producing solid sulfur. The rate is measured by timing how long it takes for a black cross under the reaction mixture to disappear. |
| The quicker the gas or solid product is produced, the faster the rate of reaction. | Rate of Reaction Assessment |
| How is the rate of reaction assessed in practical experiments? | The faster the gas or solid product is produced, the faster the rate of reaction. |
| Graphs are used to analyze and calculate the mean rate of reaction over time. | Graphs in Reaction Analysis |
| How are graphs utilized in the analysis of chemical reactions, and what is their purpose? | Graphs are used to analyze and calculate the mean rate of reaction over time. |
| The variable dependent on the independent variable, often representing the amount of reactant used or product formed. | Dependent Variable |
| What does the dependent variable on the reaction graph represent, and where is it plotted? | The dependent variable, often representing the amount of reactant used or product formed, is plotted on the y-axis. |
| The variable that is manipulated or controlled in the experiment, represented by time in reaction graphs. | Independent Variable |
| What does the independent variable on the reaction graph represent, and where is it plotted? | The independent variable, represented by time in reaction graphs, is placed on the x-axis. |
| Graphs allow the observation of how the amount of reactant or product changes during the reaction. | Data Interpretation |
| What information can be derived from graphs in terms of reaction progress? | Graphs allow the observation of how the amount of reactant or product changes during the reaction. |
| When the reaction finishes, the graph levels off, indicating completion. | Reaction Completion Indication |
| How is the completion of a reaction indicated on the graph, and what is observed when the reaction finishes? | The graph levels off when the reaction finishes, indicating completion. |
| The amount of product formed or reactant used is observed on the y-axis. | Measurement on Y-Axis |
| What is observed on the y-axis of the graph, and what does it represent in reaction analysis? | The amount of product formed or reactant used is observed on the y-axis, representing the progress of the reaction. |
| The time taken for the reaction to finish is observed on the x-axis. | Measurement on X-Axis |
| What is observed on the x-axis of the graph, and what does it represent in reaction analysis? | The time taken for the reaction to finish is observed on the x-axis, representing the duration of the reaction. |
| The mean rate of reaction can be calculated from the graph. | Mean Rate Calculation |
| Chemical reactions start quickly, showing a rapid initial reaction speed. | Initial Reaction Speed |
| What characterizes the initial speed of a chemical reaction? | Chemical reactions start quickly, exhibiting a rapid initial reaction speed, which is reflected in the graph. |
| The rate of reaction gradually slows down as the reaction progresses. | Gradual Slowdown |
| How does the rate of reaction change over time, and what is the trend observed as the reaction progresses? | The rate of reaction gradually slows down as the reaction progresses, leading to a change in the rate of reaction. |
| Reactant particles are initially abundant but are gradually used up during the reaction. | Depletion of Reactant Particles |
| What happens to the reactant particles as the reaction proceeds, and how does it impact the rate? | Reactant particles are initially abundant but are gradually used up during the reaction, slowing down the rate of reaction. |
| The reaction is complete when reactant particles are entirely depleted. | Reaction Completion |
| When is a reaction considered complete, and what signifies the end of the reaction on the graph? | The reaction is complete when reactant particles are entirely depleted, and this is indicated by the leveling off of the graph. |
| Tangents are straight lines drawn on different points of the graph, touching the curve at one point. | Tangents in Graphs |
| What are tangents in graph analysis, and how are they applied in studying reaction rates? | Tangents are straight lines drawn on different points of the graph, touching the curve at one point, and are used to study the changing rate of reaction. |
| Tangents are steepest at the beginning of the reaction and gradually become less steep as the reaction progresses. | Steepness of Tangents |
| How does the steepness of tangents change during a reaction, and what does it indicate about the reaction rate? | Tangents are steepest at the beginning of the reaction and gradually become less steep as the reaction progresses. Steeper tangents indicate a faster reaction rate. |
| The rate of reaction at a specific time during the reaction can be calculated by drawing a tangent at that time on the graph. | Specific Time Rate Calculation |
| How can the rate of reaction at a specific time be determined, and what graphical technique is involved? | The rate of reaction at a specific time can be determined by drawing a tangent at that time on the graph, which is the graphical technique. |
| The rate of reaction is equal to the gradient of the tangent drawn on the graph. | Tangent Gradient |
| What does the gradient of the tangent represent in terms of the rate of reaction, and how is it calculated? | The rate of reaction is equal to the gradient of the tangent drawn on the graph, and the gradient is calculated as the ratio of the height to the width of the tangent. |
| To calculate the gradient, the tangent is turned into a right-angled triangle. | Tangent Conversion to Triangle |
| What step is involved in calculating the gradient of the tangent, and how is the tangent transformed for this calculation? | To calculate the gradient, the tangent is turned into a right-angled triangle, facilitating the determination of the rate of reaction. |
| The gradient is calculated as the height of the triangle divided by its width. | Gradient Calculation Formula |
| What formula is used to calculate the gradient of the tangent and, consequently, the rate of reaction? | The gradient is calculated as the height of the triangle divided by its width, providing a numerical representation of the rate of reaction. |
| Drawing a tangent at a specific time and calculating its gradient allows for the determination of the rate of reaction at that point. | Rate of Reaction Determination |
| What practical method can be employed to determine the rate of reaction at a specific time, and what information does it provide? | Drawing a tangent at a specific time and calculating its gradient allows for the determination of the rate of reaction at that point, offering insights into the reaction kinetics at the chosen moment. |
