| Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. | Components of Atoms |
| What are the three fundamental components found in atoms? | Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. |
| Protons and neutrons are located at the centre of the atom in the nucleus. | Protons and Neutrons |
| Where are protons and neutrons located within an atom? | Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus at the center of the atom. |
| Electrons orbit the nucleus. | Electron Orbit |
| What is the movement pattern of electrons within an atom? | Electrons orbit the nucleus. |
| Protons and neutrons both have a relative mass of 1, while electrons have a very small relative mass, almost 0. | Relative Mass |
| What is the relative mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons? | Protons and neutrons have a relative mass of 1, and electrons have a very small relative mass, almost 0. |
| Protons and neutrons in the nucleus contribute almost all of the atom's mass. | Contribution to Atom's Mass |
| What components contribute the most to the mass of an atom? | Protons and neutrons in the nucleus contribute almost all of the atom's mass. |
| Proton has a relative charge of +1, neutron has a relative charge of 0, and electron has a relative charge of –1. | Relative Charges |
| What are the relative charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons? | Protons have a relative charge of +1, neutrons have a relative charge of 0, and electrons have a relative charge of –1. |
| Atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons, resulting in no overall charge. | Same Number of Protons and Electrons |
| What ensures that atoms have no overall charge? | Atoms have the same number of protons and electrons. |
| Circuit diagrams are drawn using a standard set of symbols. | Circuit diagrams |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Switch (open) |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Switch (closed) |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Cell |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Battery |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Diode |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Resistor |
| . | Light-emitting diode (LED) |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Light-dependent resistor (LDR) |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Lamp |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Motor |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Voltmeter |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Ammeter |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Thermistor |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Variable resistor |
| What circuit symbol is this? | Fuse |
| A circuit may be a series circuit or a parallel circuit. | Types of Circuits |
| What are the two main types of circuits? | The two main types of circuits are series circuits and parallel circuits. |
| A circuit is a closed loop that an electrical current can flow through. | Closed Loop |
| What characterizes a circuit in terms of its loop? | A circuit is a closed loop through which an electrical current can flow. |
| If the components of a circuit are connected in a single loop, they are in series. | Series Connection |
| How are components arranged in a series circuit? | Components in a series circuit are connected in a single loop. |
| If one component is removed, leaving a gap, the circuit does not work because the loop is no longer closed. | Series Circuit Operation |
| What happens if a component is removed in a series circuit? | If a component is removed in a series circuit, leaving a gap, the circuit does not work because the loop is no longer closed. |
| If the components of a circuit are connected using multiple loops, they are in parallel. | Parallel Connection |
| How are components arranged in a parallel circuit? | Components in a parallel circuit are connected using multiple loops. |
| In a parallel circuit, removing one component does not affect the others because the remaining components still form a complete loop, allowing current to flow. | Parallel Circuit Operation |
| What happens if a component is removed in a parallel circuit? | In a parallel circuit, removing one component does not affect the others because the remaining components still form a complete loop, allowing current to flow. |
| Some circuits contain components arranged in both series and parallel. | Circuits with Mixed Arrangements |
| What is notable about circuits that have mixed arrangements of components? | Some circuits contain components arranged in both series and parallel configurations. |
| Potential difference is a measure of energy transferred. | Potential Difference |
| What does potential difference measure? | Potential difference measures the energy transferred. |
| The potential difference across a component is the amount of electrical energy transferred by it. | Potential Difference Across a Component |
| What does the potential difference across a component represent? | The potential difference across a component is the amount of electrical energy transferred by that component. |
| The higher the potential difference across a cell (or another power source), the more energy it transfers to the circuit. | Influence of Potential Difference on Cells |
| How does potential difference affect the energy transfer from a cell to a circuit? | The higher the potential difference across a cell, the more energy it transfers to the circuit. |
| The higher the potential difference across other components in a circuit, the more energy they receive from the circuit. | Influence of Potential Difference on Circuit Components |
| How does potential difference impact the energy received by circuit components? | The higher the potential difference across components, the more energy they receive from the circuit. |
| Potential difference is the energy transferred per unit of charge that passes. | Energy Transfer |
| What is the relationship between potential difference and energy transfer per unit of charge? | Potential difference is the energy transferred per unit of charge that passes. |
| Potential difference is sometimes referred to as voltage. | Voltage |
| What is another term for potential difference? | Potential difference is sometimes referred to as voltage. |
| Potential difference is measured in volts (V), where a volt is the same as a joule per coulomb. | Measurement of Potential Difference |
| In what unit is potential difference measured, and what is the equivalence? | Potential difference is measured in volts (V), and one volt is equivalent to one joule per coulomb. |
| Potential difference is measured using a voltmeter. | Measurement of Potential Difference |
| What instrument is used to measure potential difference? | A voltmeter is used to measure potential difference. |
| A voltmeter is used to measure the potential difference across a component and must be connected in parallel with the component. | Voltmeter Connection |
| How should a voltmeter be connected in a circuit to measure potential difference? | A voltmeter must be connected in parallel with the component to measure the potential difference. |
| The voltmeter must be connected in parallel with the component. | Parallel Connection for Voltmeter |
| In what manner should a voltmeter be connected to the component in a circuit? | The voltmeter must be connected in parallel with the component. |
| The voltmeter shows the potential difference in volts (V) across the component. | Voltmeter Readings |
| What does the voltmeter display when measuring potential difference? | The voltmeter shows the potential difference in volts (V) across the component. |
| Energy transfers in circuits can be calculated from potential difference and charge. | Energy Transfers in Circuits |
| What can be used to calculate energy transfers in circuits? | Energy transfers in circuits can be calculated using potential difference and charge. |
| Potential difference is defined as the energy transferred per unit charge. | Definition of Potential Difference |
| How is potential difference defined? | Potential difference is defined as the energy transferred per unit charge. |
| The formula for calculating energy transferred by an electrical device is energy = potential difference × charge. | Formula for Energy Transfer |
| For example, the energy transferred by a torch using a 6 V battery can be calculated if 50 C of charge flows through it. 50 C × 6 V = 300 J. | Example Calculation |
