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level: Level 2

Questions and Answers List

level questions: Level 2

Question	Answer
identifies the cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms by which chemicals exert toxic effects on living organisms Useful in the design and production of safer chemicals and in rational therapy for chemical poisoning and treatment of disease.	Mechanistic Toxicology
Concerned directly with toxicity testing Provide information for safety evaluation and also regulatory requirement o They are like part of the FDA	Descriptive toxicology
involved in the establishment of standards or the amount of chemicals permitted in foods, drugs, ambient air, industrial atmospheres, and drinking water DIRECTLY INVOLVED WITH THE FDA Responsibility for deciding on the basis of data provided by descriptive and mechanistic toxicologist	Regulatory toxicology
Primarily focused on the medico legal on the harmful effects of chemical in humans and animals Therefore they are the one who conduct autopsy on the poison victims Hybrid of analytic chemistry and fundamental toxicologic principles	Forensic Toxicology
concerned with disease cause by uniquely associated by toxic substance. They focused more on identifying the disease such as manifestation of signs and symptoms for a particular toxic substance	Clinical toxicology
focused on the impact of different chemical pollutants on the environment especially in biological organisms	Environmental toxicology
the study of adverse effects on the developing organism that may result from exposure to chemical or physical agents before conception (either parent), during prenatal development, or postnatally until the time of puberty	Developmental toxicology
the study of the occurrence of adverse effects on the male or female reproductive system that may result from exposure to chemical or physical agents Study of occurrence of adverse effects for the male and female Focus on the agents of sterility Scrotal cancer caused by the soote	Reproductive toxicology
Classification of Toxic Agents	1 Toxin 2 Toxicant
o refers to toxic substances that are PRODUCED BY BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS such as plants, animals, fungi, or bacteria o May be CLASSIFIED OF THEIR PHYSICAL STATE, CHEMICAL STABILITY OR REACTIVITY, GENERAL CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, OR POISONING POTENTIAL	TOXIN
o toxic substances that are produced by or are a BY-PRODUCT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES o Toxic substances that are SYNTHETICALLY PRODUCED BY HUMAN ACTIVITY (pesticides, insecticides)	TOXICANT
1 Expected side effect in the pharmaceutical drug. It is always associated with therapeutic effects 2 not common, Unexpected, undesirable effect. Not all patient is automatic can feel adverse effect	1 Side effect 2 Adverse effect
immunologically mediated adverse reaction to a chemical resulting from PREVIOUS SENSITIZATION to that chemical or to a structurally similar to a chemical that you are exposed to DOSE RELATED Repeated exposure that is structurally similar with the chemical that you are exposed to	Allergic Reactions hypersensitivity, allergic reaction, sensitization reaction
1 o genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a chemical o NON DOSE RELATED 2 The response observed is usually qualitatively similar to that observed in all individuals.	1 Idiosyncratic Reactions 2 Chemical idiosyncrasy
1 o Occurs very rapidly or after single administration or exposure to particular substance o Example : STING BY BEE 2 o Delayed toxic effects usually they occur after the lapse of sometime meaning in year before to develop or within months	1 Immediate toxicity 2 Delayed toxicity
1 The only organ that regenerates 2 an injury from here is largely IRREVERSIBLE because its cells are differentiated and cannot be replaced. 3 __ effects of chemicals, once they occur, are usually considered irreversible toxic effects	1 Liver 2 CNS injury 3 Carcinogenic and teratogenic
1 OCCUR AT THE SITE OF FIRST CONTACT between the BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM and the TOXICANT. WITHIN A PARTICULAR SITE or mostly in SKIN AREA EXERT TOXICITY 2 REQUIRES ABSORPTION and DISTRIBUTION of a TOXICANT from its ENTRY POINT to a DISTANT SITE, at which DELETERIOUS EFFECTS ARE PRODUCED. It AFFECTS DIFFERENT ORGANS	1 Local Toxicity 2 Systemic toxicity
1 Target organs in order of frequency of involvement in systemic toxicity are: 2 __ are seldom target tissues or systemic effects.	1) 1 CNS 2 circulatory system; 3 the blood and hematopoietic system; 4 visceral organs such as the liver, kidney, and lung; and the 5 skin 2) muscles and bones
Interaction of chemicals	1 Additive effect 2 Synergistic effect 3 Potentiation 4 Antagonism
Interaction of chemicals 1) most commonly observed when two chemicals are given together occurs when the COMBINED EFFECT OF TWO CHEMICALS IS EQUAL TO THE SUM THE EFFECTS OF EACH AGENT GIVEN ALONE 1+1= 2 2) occurs when the combined effects of two chemicals are MUCH GREATER THAN THE SUM OF THE EFFECTS of each agent given alone 1+1=3 PRODUCES MUCH GREATER EFFECTS	1 Additive effect 2 Synergistic effect
Interaction of chemicals 1 one substance does NOT HAVE A TOXIC EFFECT on a certain organ or system but WHEN ADDED TO ANOTHER CHEMICAL MAKES THAT CHEMICAL MUCH MORE TOXIC 2 § when TWO CHEMICALS administered together INTERFERE WITH EACH OTHER’S ACTIONS or one interferes with the action of the other MOA of Antidotes	. 1 Potentiation 2 Antagonism